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Գ- . , . . . . . '.
. , . . (), , . 䳿 :
2 C17H35COONa + H2SO4 → 2 C17H35COOH + Na2SO4
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1. | . 볿 ᒺ 1 3: 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 . . , . . | ||
2. | ³ . ᒺ 0,5 3 KMnO4 (w = 2%) ᒺ 1 3. . | ||
3. | ó. + NaOH + 1,5-2 NaOH (w = 15 %) ᒺ 5 3. 15 . . NaCl ᒺ 6-7 3. |
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3
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1. , , , .
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, -. (2O)n.
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n2nOn. . , , . ճ ( ) , 䳿 ( ).
. , , . , 122211. . , . ֳ . , . .
, , . - . , . ( ). , . . , .
. 60-70 % 㳿. , , .
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1. | . , , , ᒺ 1 3 ᒺ 1 3. . | ||
2. | . 2 ᒺ 3 3. (3 ), (3 ). 8 . | ||
3. | . ᒺ 3 3, ᒺ 3 3. (1-2 ). | ||
4. | . ᒺ 2,5 3 ᒺ 0,5 3. 10 . | ||
5. | ó . (w = 1 %) ᒺ 5 3; H2SO4(w = 10 %) ᒺ 3-5 3. 10 (I2/KI). 10-15 . . , NaHCO3 . |
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4
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1. ( ).
2. α ( ).
3. ( , , ).
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α - . α- β -. α - β - . ᒺ .
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1. | ͳ . (5 ) (2 ). (t = 70 ˚C) . | ||
2. | . ᒺ 3 3 ᒺ 1 3, (1-2 ). . | ||
3. | . ᒺ 3 3 ᒺ 1 3. . ϳ . | ||
4. | . ᒺ 0,5 3 ( ) ᒺ 0,5 3. , , , , ᒺ 1 3. 10 - . . | ||
5. | . ᒺ 1 3 () ᒺ 2 3. ϳ ᒺ 2 3 ᒺ 6 3. |
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5
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1. .
2. 䳿 .
3. .
, . . 䳿 , 㳿 , .
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1) 䳿;
2) ;
3) 䳿 ( );
4) 䳺 .
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1. ( - ).
2. ( ).
3. ó ( ).
4. ˳ ( , ).
5. ( ).
6. ˳ ( , 㳿 ).
. . 䳿 .
/ | ճ |
| , . | |||||||
1 | 100 ˚ | |||||||
2 | 0 ˚ | |||||||
3 | 18 ˚ | |||||||
4 | 40 ˚ |
: , + .
. | - | - | |||
1 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | |||
2 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | |||
3 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | |||
4 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 | - ᒺ 0,5 3 |
䳿 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
1 | - (1:10) ᒺ 1 3 | - (1:10) ᒺ 1 3 | - (1:10) ᒺ 1 3 |
2 | - NaCl ᒺ 1 3 | - H2O ᒺ 1 3 | - CuSO4 ᒺ 1 3 |
3 | - ᒺ 1 3 | - ᒺ 1 3 | - ᒺ 1 3 |
4 | |||
- | |||
.
5,59; 6,98; 7,38; 8,04. ᒺ :
Na2HPO4 (3) | KH2PO4 (3) | |
5,59 | 0,50 | 9,50 |
6,98 | 6,00 | 4,00 |
7,38 | 8,00 | 2,00 |
8,04 | 9,50 | 0,50 |
(w = 0,5 %) ᒺ 1 3, (1:10) ᒺ 1 3. . '. .
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6
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1. | . ) 2 ᒺ 1 3, (w = 10 %) ᒺ 5 . , () . . ) () ᒺ 1 3 2,6- (w = 0,02 %) ᒺ 1 3, , . | ||
2. |
ʳ .
2.1.
(, , ) 10 . ³ (w = 5 %) ᒺ 50 3. , . (100 3), , , ᒺ . ϳ , . .
2.2.
2 (50 3) ᒺ 10 3. 2 22 (w = 3 %) 10 . 2,6- . . V. (2,6-).
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, (.) , %;
2,6- (0,088 /3);
V ᒺ , 3;
m , , ;
Vcep. ᒺ , , 3;
V , 3;
100 100 .
V0 =
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Vcep. =
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7
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1. pH , , .
2. .
3. .
. . , :
HCl H+ + Cl-
NaOH Na+ + OH-
KBr K+ + Br-
+ , - . . .
+ - (pH) :
pH = -lg C(H+)
pH = 7, , pH = 1-7 ; pH = 7-14 . pH , (+).
Գ pH. ( , , , ), - ( 䳿 ).
, ( pH ) .
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1. , 䳺 .
2. ó 䳺 .
3. 䳺 . . , , .
4. 䳺 .
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1. | . ) 3 ᒺ 1 3 1-2 : ; ; . NaOH NH4OH. . . ) (HCl, CH3COOH, -). |
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2. | . 3 (NaCl), (Na2CO3), (NH4Cl) ᒺ 1 3. pH . 2-3 . . |
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3. | . ᒺ Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 . pH . . |
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8
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1. -.
2. .
3. -.
4. ()-.
̳ , , (, , , , , , ) , (, , , , , , , , , ). - , .
̒ (72-80 %) (20-28 %). , , .
̳ 1-1,5 % . . Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+. K+ , Na+ . .
Cl-, H2PO4-, HPO42-, SO42-, HCO3-. .
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1. | . ̒ 5 ( ) 쒿 ( ) . ϳ , . . Գ . | ||
2. | +. KCl + C4H6O6 → C4O6H5K + HCl ᒺ 0,5 3 . . | ||
3 | Cl -. HCl + AgNO3 = AgCl + HNO3 ᒺ 0,5 3 . ( ). | ||
4. | SO 4 2-. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl . . | ||
5. | Fe 3+. , , . (w = 0,5 %) ᒺ 5 3 . (). FeCl3 + 3KNCS = Fe(NCS)3 + 3KCl a) ᒺ 0,5 3 . ( ). 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl ) ᒺ 0,5 3 (). () () ( ). |
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1. : / . .., ... .: . 1986. 503 .
2. .. . .: . 1995. 536 .
3. .. : . .: . 1969. 310 .
4. .. - 쳿 쳿 ( ). : . 2004. 54 .
5. .., .. . : . 2004. 224 .
6. .. : . .: . 1998. 104 .
7. .. --: . 1999. 544 .
8. .. 쳿. : . 2001. 48 .
9. .., .. : . .: . 1986. 174 .
10. / .., .. . .: : . 1988. 210 .
11. .. . : . .: . 1975. 311 .
12. .., .., .. 쳿: - . : . 2003. 204 .
13. .., .. . : . 2002. 401 .
14. .. . .: . 1974. 288 .
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