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a) :
| British educational system | American educational system | |
| similarities | 1 93% schools are free state ones 2 Education is compulsory from five to sixteen years of age 3 Problems with discipline and violence | 1 90% schools are free state ones 2 Most states have compulsory education from five to sixteen 3 serious problem is violence and guns in schools |
| differences | 1 Has national curriculum 2 Three main stages: primary (Years 1-6); secondary (Years 7-11); and optional 'sixth form' 3 About 40% of pupils go on to higher education | 1 Has no national curriculum 2 Education process is usually divided in 2 parts: elementary school (1st-8th grade) and high school (9th-12th grade). Some states have 'junior high' schools (7th9th grade). 3 Over 60% of students go on to higher education; two-year colleges for vocational training; four-year colleges and universities for academic degrees. |
b) , :
1. selective 2. Primary school 3. Form 4. General Certificate of Secondary Education
7. :
1) United States of America (USA) are located in North America. It is one of the biggest countries in the world. Population is around 250 million people. There are 50 states in US. Washington (District Columbia) is the capital of USA. New York, Chicago, San-Francisco, Los-Angeles, Boston are the main cities. This is highly developed country. People of many nationalities live in USA.
2) Canada is located in North America. It is washed by three oceans - Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific. The capital of the country is Ottawa. This is huge country with developed industry. Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver are its main cities.
3) Commonwealth of Australia is located on Australian continent and some islands (Tasmania is the main one). Commonwealth includes six states and two territories with population of around 20 million people. Canberra is its capital and main cities are Sydney and Melbourne.
4) New Zeland consists of several large and many small islands. Its population is around 4 millions people. Wellington is its capital. Main cities are Oakland, Dunedin and Nelson. It is a highly developed agricultural country.
8. : CultureShock!
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Each society has its own beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, and social habits. These give people sense of who they , how they should behave, and what they should or should not do. These "rules" reflect the "culture" of country.
People become conscious of such rules when they meet people from different cultures. For example, in some cultures, being on time can man turning up several hours late for an appointment, even for business meeting; in others, p.m. means 3 p.m. Also, the rules about when to eat vary from culture to culture. an North Americans and Europeans are used to having three mealtimes day and organize their timetable around them. In some countries, on the other hand, people often do not have strict rules like this-people eat when they want to, and every family has its own timetable.
When people visit or live in country for the first time, they are often surprised at the differences that exist between their own cultures and the culture in the other country.The most common way of comparing two cultures is in terms of their differences-not their similarities. For some people, travelling abroad is an exciting experience; for others though, cultural differences make them feel uncomfortable, frightened, or even insecure. This is known as "culture shock." Here several things to do in order to avoid culture shock.
Tasks:
a. Learning how to adapt to new culture:
1) Avoid quick judgments; try to understand people in another culture from their own point of view.
2) Become more aware of what is going on around you, and why.
3) Dont think of your cultural habits as right and other peoples as wrong.
4) Be willing to try new things and to have new experiences.
5) r to appreciate and understand other peoples values.
6) Think about your own culture and how it influences your attitudes and actions.
7) Avoid having negative stereotypes about foreigners and their cultures.
8) Show respect, sincerity, interest, acceptance, and concern for things that important to other people.
Understanding and appreciating cultural differences can help people avoid misunderstandings, develop friendships more easily, and feel more comfortable when travelling or living abroad.
b. Use your own words to write definitions for the following:
culture the way people live and behave, their thoughts and beliefs in a certain area in a particular period of time;
culture shock a bad experience from visiting foreign country or talking to foreign people connected to the fact that beliefs, values and behavior can differ a lot.
