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SPEAKING
Critical thinking. Read the article and express your opinion on the problem.
Censorship on the Web
The Internet offers instant access to information across national and cultural borders, but along with helpful information the Internet hosts a disturbing amount of unsavory material. Militias and hate groups use Web sites to recruit new members and spread their views. International terrorists use Web sites as recruiting tools and for boasting about suicide bombings. Criminals, anarchists and dissenters post guidebooks and tips on how to do all kinds of illegal activities, from making suitcase bombs to spreading viruses.
Some advocate cyber censorship to irresponsible Web sites, blogs and discussion groups. Cyber censorship typically means blocking access to Web sites, but it can also mean closing sites and removing them from host servers. Censorship advocates are opposed by free speech supporters. The controversy over censorship is not new. In most cases words are acceptable, whereas actions can be punishable. But in some cases, words are punishable, too.
A second censorship guideline hinges on local standards of morality. Local communities can apply their own standards to determine whether material is obscene.
However, local standards are difficult to sort out on the Internet where a Web surfer in Tennessee can easily access Web sites, bulletin boards and chart groups that originate from anywhere in the world.
The U. S. Supreme Court supports the concepts of cyber zones that limit net access to certain materials. It is possible to construct barriers in cyberspace and use them to screen for identity, making cyberspace more like the physical world and more amenable to zoning laws. As an example, AOL is trying to develop a family - friendly Internet portal by enforcing policies against offensive speech.
But in some countries cyber citizens have no choice but to use a government-controlled ISP. In many countries, free speech is not a basic right conferred to all citizens. Many dictatorial regimes want their citizens to receive news from the outside world only after government censor has screened it. Officials in more than 20 countries use sophisticated tools to block Web sites, filter e-mail, and censor discussion groups.
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China has some of the most rigorous Internet censorship in the world. The Great Firewall of China as it is sometimes called, blocks Internet content by preventing IP addresses of objectionable sites from being routed through its gateways into China. In Iran, government censors monitor political and news Web sites. In Saudi Arabia if you tried to open Rolling Stone magazines Web site, you would find that access has been denied. The Saudi government claims it censors the Internet to preserve culture and heritage.
That argument in many ways reflects the concept of cyber zones that conform to local standards of morality. Even free-speech activists seem to agree. They say: We do think that information should be free, but we do need to find a balance for respect for sovereign states to preserve their own culture.
Despite such cultural sensitivity, technology giants, such as Microsoft, Yahoo! and Cisco Systems have been criticized for providing foreign government with tools for blocking culturally objectionable sites.
What do you think?
1. Should government be allowed to block access to Web sites based on local religions, politics and customs?
2. Do you believe that a privately held ISP like AOL has the right to censor the data posted on Web sites it hosts?
3. Should companies like Microsoft, Yahoo! and Cisco Systems provide blocking technology to foreign government?
GRAMMAR REVISION
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the present tense form.
1. Look! She __________________(wear) the same shoes as me.
2. Vegetarians are people who ___________________(not eat) meat.
3. Someone ___________________(take) my bicycle.
4. I often ____________(see) him but I never ________________(speak) to him.
5. I ______________(buy) a new carpet. Come and look at it.
6. It ____________________(not rain) here since March.
7. My friends ______________(like) meat but ___________________(not like) fish.
8. Where is Tom? - He _________________(lie) under the car.
9. Shes a school teacher. She _________________(teach) maths.
10. How long you ____________________(live) here?
11. How often you ___________________(fall) in love?
12. The postman usually ________________(come) at 9 in the morning.
13. Hey! Somebody _____________________(drink) my coffee! My cup was full.
14. I _____________________(sit) here in the park for an hour, and I ___________(meet) three
friends of mine.
15. I already __________________(break) two plates. Shall I go on washing up?
16. I have a car but I ___________________(not use) it very often.
17. They __________________________(talk) so loudly that we cant really hear your words.
18. Phil is happy. He___________________ (find) a new job.
19. Alice never ________________(go) to work by bus.
20. I ________________(lose) my key. I must look for it in my bag.
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the past tense form.
1. When I arrived at his house he still _______________________(sleep).
2. A few months ago they _______________(begin) to build a new block of flats in this street.
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3. They _____________________________(walk) in the park for an hour when it began to rain.
4. When the door-bell __________(ring) he __________(stand up) and _______(go) to the door.
5. The fire still ______________________(burn) at 6 oclock this morning.
6. Last summer I _______________(visit) Riga. I ______________(enjoy) my trip very much.
7. She cut her finger while she ____________________(cut) the bread and butter.
8. He ___________________(come) home by 6 oclock yesterday.
9. When _______she ___________(speak) to him? - She ___________(speak) to him last week.
10. The car already ______________(go) when I ______________(look) into the street.
11. I _____________(meet) him when he __________________(cross) the street.
12. Last term Ann ________________(make) good progress in her English.
13. When I ____________(get) out, the sun _______________________(shine).
14. Ann ___________(buy) herself a new dress yesterday. She __________(pay) 3 pounds for it.
15. They _______________(eat) everything by the time I ______________(arrive) at the party.
16. Mary _____________________(work) in the shop for 5 years before she became a manager.
17. Our grandmother _____________________(cook) dinner from twelve till two yesterday.
18. They ___________________________(walk) in the park for an hour when it began to rain.
19. This time yesterday I ___________________(lie) on the beach.
20. They __________________(reach) the river by sunset.
Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the future tense form.
1. This time next month I ___________________________(bath) in the Baltic sea.
2. By the 8th of April my mother ____________________(work) at school for twenty years.
3. Im tired. I think, I ______________(go) to bed.
4. I _______________________(work) in the library all day tomorrow.
5. At four oclock on Tuesday afternoon we _______________________(fly) over Paris.
6. They_____________________ (be) free in some minutes.
7. This time next week they __________________________(go) to the Crimea by train.
8. She __________________(change) her books in the library tomorrow.
9. They ______________________(build) the road by the end of the year.
10. Ring me up at 4 oclock. I__________________ (have) dinner by this time and we
________________(go) to the concert.
11. Its too late to telephone Tom now. OK. We __________(telephone) him in the morning.
12. When you come in the evening we ______________________(pack) our things.
13. I promise, I __________________(meet) you at the station.
14. Well come at 5 oclock. OK, I ____________________________(wait) for you.
15. It _________________(stop) raining soon.
16. Susan _______________________(type) from 6 oclock until 8 oclock this evening.
17. Young Billy is growing up. By this time next year he ___________________(begin) school.
18. Dont phone me tomorrow morning. I __________________________(work) on my report.
19. We ______________________________(fly) for twelve hours by the time the plane lands.
20. By this summer we ________________________(read) all the stories in the book.
Exercise 4. Choose the variant.
1. Let's______before it______raining.
a) go out, starts c) go out, '11 start
b) to go out, starts d) going out, starts
2. Before the end of my holiday, I'm afraid, 1______all my money.
a) spend c) '11 have spent
b) spent d) '11 spend
3. Our house is similar to______.
a) them c) their
b) they d) theirs
4. He is one of______men in the world.
a) richer c) the richest
b) richest d) a rich
5.______more I got to know him,______more I liked him.
a) the, the ) ,
b) -, - d) a, the
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6. Nobody has seen Mary for days. Who was the last______her?
a) seeing c) see
b) having seen d) to see
7. It's not warm______to sit in the garden.
a) enough c) well
b) so d)too
8. What a boring film! It's the most boring film I______.
a) have never seen c) had ever seen
b) saw d) 've ever seen
9. We didn't have any money but Nick had______.
a) few c) a little
b) a few d) little
10. They tried to study but they just couldn't concentrate
a) them c)
b) theirs d) themselves
11. Three thousands dollars______stolen in the robbery.
a) was c) is
b) were d) are
12. Unfortunately______was very shocking.
a) a news c) new
b) news d) the news
13. Do you often go to a cinema? No, it's a long time since I ______there.
a) went c) go
b) am going d) have gone
14. He_________to bed early but now he goes out every evening.
a) used to go c) used going
b) didn't use to go d) used to going
15. You won't pass the driving test unless you______more.
a) '11 practise c) don't practise
b) not practise d) practise
16. Jack is in______hospital now and his sister went to______hospital to visit him.
a) , the c) the, the
b) -, - d) -, a
17.1 realized that my car______away by the police.
a) was taken b) has been taken
) had been taken d) will be taken
18. "I've got few friends." "______."
a) Neither have I c) So do I
b) Neither do I d) So have I
19. In the afternoon I do some work for the big company ______my computer.
a) having used c) using
b) will using d) to use
Exercise 5. Choose the right variant.
1 He'll send her a postcard when he______on holiday.
a) was c) '11 be
b) were d) is
2. When you see her she______a red hat.
a) '11 be wearing c) '11 wear
b) wears d) wear
3.1 was astonished since I______so many people before.
a) didn't see c) have seen
b) saw d) hadn't seen
4. She is______intelligent but______lazy.
a) quite, rather c) rather, quite
b) quite, quite d) rather, rather
5. We stopped at_______pretty village on______way to______London.
a) the, -, the c) a, the
b) a, a, - d) the, a, -
6. Who was the last person______the office last night?
a) to leave c) left
b) has left d) leaving
7. That picture is______heavy to hang on the wall.
a) enough c) such
b) so d) too
8. We______a lot of famous people in the last few weeks.
a) have met c) had met
b) met d) meet
9. I had never expected to be offered the job, I was really______when I was offered it.
a) amazing c) more amazing
b) amazed d) less amazed
10. You are always nervous and excited. Why don't you relax ______more?
a) you c) yourself
b) yours d)
11. We went on holiday with some friends of______.
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a) ours c) us
b) our d) him
12. Could you give me a lift? Ten kilometres______too far for me to walk.
a) are c) is
b) not d) aren't
13. My secretary was late for work because she______in the traffic jam.
a) got stuck c) had got stuck
b) has got stuck d) was getting stuck
14. I know he doesn't go out very often these days but ______he______out a lot?
a) did, use to go c) was, used to go
b) does, use to go d) is, used to go
15. If I knew where they were, I______you there now.
a) '11 take c) would have taken
b) would take d) took
16.______Dnieper is______longest river in______Ukraine.
a) the, the, c) the, a,
b) -, the, - d) -, a, -
17. You cant get into the park after 10 p.m. because the gates ______at 10 p.m. every night.
a) is close c) close
b) are closed d) are closing
18. I much prefer______TV to______books.
a) watching, reading c) watch, read
b) to watch, to read d) to watch, reading
19. I didnt know that Ann was in hospital. ______.
a) So did I c) Neither did I
b) So was she d) Neither I did
20. It would be difficult for me______the work by the weekend.
a) to have finished c) finishing
b) to finish d) finish
Exercise 6. Choose the right variant.
1. I don't recall having seen you before. Are you sure we (meet)?
2. Sally earns a lot of money; her new job is much (good) paid than the old one.
3. We went to (a, the, -) Gladiator to see a new film because we (read) very good reviews. Next Saturday we (go) to Hyde Park, if it (not, rain).
4. I watched a documentary on TV last night. It was all about the problems (threatening, threatened) the environment. I (shock) to find out how little I (know) about globe warming or acid rains.
5. Nature delicately (balance) and the extinction of one species (may, must, should) have a serious effect on (other, others, the others).
6. It is the fault of mankind that so many species (endanger), so it's our responsibility to protect those while we still can.
7. (Famous) sporting event in the world, the Olympic Games, began in Greece in 776 BC.
8. Medieval sports were not as organized as events in ancient times: at fairs or festivals men (would, were used to) lift heavy stones and women (would, be used to) run races.
9. I'm sure he is not aware (at, in, of) the harm he (do) for us.
10. The old lady (could, was able to, must) identify the robber who (attack) her the previous day.
11. I'm sure that in this time of technology advances, we (find) already some way to solve the world's ecological problems.
12. Many people feel (happy) when they are with friends than when they are on their own.
13. Certain sports teams (support) by fans all over the world and individual athletes (see) as celebrities.
14. During the 18th and 19th centuries national organizations were formed which made sure that the rules (follow) and arranged regular sport competitions.
15. When I was a child, I (used to, was used to) love my dad's stories about Africa. He (work) there for many years before I was born.
16. This dish (make) (from, at, on) a recipe given to me by my grandfather who was (a, an, the, -) excellent cook.
17. My idea of an ideal holiday (change) a lot in the past few years. Nowadays, I'd much rather go away in spring when (most, most of, more) places (not, fill) with tourists.
18. 1 have just spoken to three women, (neither, none, either) of (whom, who, them) speaks Spanish.
19. We (invite) some friends for dinner tonight. Would you like to join (to, at, in, -) us?
20. She has been waiting for him for ten years already. If she (not, love) him, she (not, wait) so long.
WRITING
