Поиск: Рекомендуем: Почему я выбрал профессую экономиста Почему одни успешнее, чем другие Периферийные устройства ЭВМ Нейроглия (или проще глия, глиальные клетки) Категории: Астрономия Биология География Другие языки Интернет Информатика История Культура Литература Логика Математика Медицина Механика Охрана труда Педагогика Политика Право Психология Религия Риторика Социология Спорт Строительство Технология Транспорт Физика Философия Финансы Химия Экология Экономика Электроника	Главная О нас Популярное ТОП Новые страницы Случайная страница Контакты FAQ ЗАКАЗАТЬ РАБОТУ If” meaning ‘whether’ especially after I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder etc. and when used as a question word – can be used with future forms ⇐ Предыдущая234567891011121314151617Следующая ⇒	I doubt if they will hold their annual anniversary party this year.
Future Perfect
by the time, by next week, by then, by next year, by the year 2020		1. to express an action that will be completed in the future (usually before another action or event in the future)		I will have accomplished the task by the time my colleague returns. She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repairs the car. Tina will have washed the dishes. By the time you arrive, my foreign guests will have left. He will have written his report. By the time we get to the cinema the movie will have started.
		2. actions that will be completed before (by) a specific time in the future or before another action in the future		The student will have passed his exam by Friday. I will have finished the writing by midnight. By next January I will have lived here for 10 years. By 10 o'clock I will have finished the translation. By the end of the month we will have finished the course. They will have known each other for eight years this June.
Future Perfect Continuous		duration of an action up to a certain time in the future		By the end of the year I will have been working on this book for a year.

“Shall” is rarely used to indicate future action in modern English. It is commonly used in sentences with ”I” or “we” and is often found in suggestions such as “Shall we go?”

Shall is alive and well when it comes to questions posed in the first person (i.e., with I and we). For example:

• What shall we talk about?
• Shall I open the window?

It is interesting to know:

In many requirement specifications, particularly involving software, the words shall and will have special meanings. Most requirement specifications use the word shall to denote something that is required, while reserving the will for simple statement about the future (especially since "going to" is typically seen as too informal for legal contexts). However, some documents deviate from this convention and use the words shall, will, and should to denote the strength of the requirement. Some requirement specifications will define the terms at the beginning of the document.

Shall and will are distinguished by NASA and Wikiversity as follows:

• Shall is usually used to state a device or system's requirements. For example: "The selected generator shall provide a minimum of 80 Kilowatts."
• Will is generally used to state a device or system's purpose. For example, "The new generator will be used to power the operations tent."

On standards published by International Organization for Standardization (ISO), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), requirements with "shall" are the mandatory requirements, meaning, "must", or "have to". The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) defines shall and must as synonymous terms denoting absolute requirements, and should as denoting a somewhat flexible requirement. 

Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Use the words in brackets to write sentences. All the sentences are future. Use the Present Continuous or the Present Simple.

1. (I / not / go out / tonight) I’m not going out tonight. ________________________________

2. (the concert / start / at 8.15) The concert starts at 8.15. ______________________________

3. (I / meet / my friends this evening) ______________________________________________

4. (Tom / not come / to the party on Thursday) _______________________________________

5. (The English course / finish / on 10 May) _________________________________________

6. (my sister / get married next December) __________________________________________

7. (I / not go / to London tomorrow) _______________________________________________

8. (my train / leave / at 8.45) _____________________________________________________

9. (what time / the train / leave)__________________________________________________?

10. (what time / you / leave / tomorrow?) ___________________________________________?

11. (when / they / get marries?) ___________________________________________________?

12. (when / the next English course / begin?) ________________________________________?

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of will or be going to and the verb in brackets.

1. A: Why are you buying flour and eggs?

B: Because I’m going to make a cake.

2. A: I have decided what to buy Mum for her birthday.

B: Really. What _________________ (you/buy) for her?

3. A: Did you ask Jackie to the party?

B: Oh no! I forgot! I __________________ (ask) her tonight.

4. A: Could I speak to Jim, please?

B: Wait a minute. I _________________ (get) him for you.

5. A: What are your plans for the weekend?

B: I ________________ (spend) some time with my friends.

6. A: What are you doing on Friday night?

B: Oh, I ________________ (probably/stay) at home with my family.

7. A: Have you tidied your room yet?

B: No, but I promise I ______________ (do) it this afternoon.

8. A: Look at that boy!

B: Oh yes! He _______________ (climb) the tree.

9. A: Tim is very clever for his age.

B: Yes. He says he _______________ (become) a doctor when he grows up.

10. A: I’m too tired to cut the grass.

B: Don’t worry! I ____________ (cut) it for you.

Exercise 3. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of will or be going to and the verb in brackets.

1. ‘We’ve run out of sugar.”

‘Oh, have we? I ____________ (go) and get some.

2. I’m afraid I can’t come to dinner on Saturday – I ______________ (meet) Tim.

3. It’s raining – we _______________ (have to) take an umbrella.

4. My cousins ______________ (come) to stay with us at the weekend.

5. Look at that car! It’s ______________ (hit) that tree!

6. I promise I _____________ (not do) that again.

7. Did you hear that the company ______________ (open) a new factory?

8. You look tired. Sit down and I _____________ (make) you a cup of tea.

‘I think there’s someone at the door.’ – ‘OK, I __________ (go) and answer it.

9. I’m sorry you are leaving. I hope you _________ (come back) and see us soon.

10.  ______________ (you/stay) at home this weekend?

11. Kate’s really unhappy at work so she ____________ (look for) a new job soon.

Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or the Future Simple.

1. A: I’m going to the gym tonight.

B: Well, while you __________ (be) there, I will do the shopping.

2. A: ___________ (you/call) me when you _____________ (get) home?

 B: Yes, of course.

3. A: As soon as John _____________ (come) in, tell him to come to my office.

B: Certainly, sir.

4. A: Are you going to visit Aunt Mabel this afternoon?

B: Yes, I __________ (visit) her before I ___________ (do) the shopping.

5. A: Is George going to have dinner with us?

B: No, by the time he _____________ (get) home it ____________ (be) very late.

6. A: When _________ (you/pay) the rent?

B: When I __________ (get) my pay cheque.

7. A: What are your plans for the future?

B: I want to go to university after I ____________ (finish) school.

8. A: If you ___________ (pay) for dinner, I __________ (pay) for the theatre.

B: Okay, that’s a good idea.

9. Before you ___________ (leave), don’t forget to shut the windows.

10. When you _________ (see) Brian again, you won’t recognize him.

11. We __________ (not/start) dinner until Jack __________ (arrive).

12. Please, don’t touch anything before the police _________ (come).

13. As soon as I _______ (get up) in the morning, I ________ (buy) the newspaper to look at the employment ads.

14. Before I __________ (go) on an interview, I ___________ (improve) my computer skills.

15. I don’t know when she __________ (come back).

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple, the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. A: I     am seeing  Roger (see) at seven o’clock tonight.

B: Really? I thought he was out of town.

2. A: ____________ (you/do) anything on Friday morning?

B: No, I’m free.

3. A: I ____________ (go) to the cinema. There’s a new film on. Do you want to come with me?

B: What time ____________ (the film/start)?

4. A: Helen ______________ (have) a party the day after tomorrow ___________ (you/go)?

B: As a matter of fact, I haven’t been invited.

5. A: The new exhibition ____________ (open) on April 3^rd and ____________ (finish) on May 31^st.

B: I know. I ____________ (go) on the first day.

6. A: Aunt Maggie ____________ (come) to visit us tomorrow.

B: I know. What time _____________ (she/arrive)?

7. A: Excuse me, what time ______________ (the train/leave)?

B: At half past three, madam.

8. A: Jim Lucky ______________ (give) a concert at the Olympic Stadium next week.

B: I know. I _______________ (want) to get a ticket.

9. A: I’m really thirsty.

B: I _____________ (get) you a glass of water.

10. A: Are you looking forward to your party?

  B: Yes. I hope everyone _____________ (enjoy) it.

11. A: How old is your sister?

  B: She ______________ (be) twelve next month.

12. A: What are you doing tonight?

  B: I _______________ (probably/watch) TV after dinner.

13. A: How do you feel about your exams?

  B: I’m afraid I ______________ (not/pass) them.

14. A: What would you like to drink?

  B: I ______________ (have) a lemonade, please.

15. Mr. Cliff Turner is a businessman. His schedule is very tough. He _____________ (fly) to Montreal on Wednesday. And on Thursday he ____________ (give) an interview to The Financial Times.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple or the Future Continuous.

1. – Shall we go to the beach tomorrow?

– Well, I’m working in the morning, but I _____________ (phone) you when I finish.

– Shall I ask Ben and Linda to come with us?

– Yes. I __________ (see) Linda at work in the morning, so I ____________ (ask) her then.

– If they want to come, I _____________ (pick) you up from work and we can all go together.

– Great! Just think, we _________ (swim) in the sea this time tomorrow. I can’t wait!

2. Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3:00 to 4:30. So at 4:00 tomorrow I _____________ (play) tennis.

3. Jim is going to study from 7:00 until 10:00 this evening. So at 8:30 this evening he _________ (study).

4. We are going to clean the apartment tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’clock. So at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning we _____________________ (clean) the apartment.

5. You want your friend to give Jean a message this afternoon.

YOU: _______ you ________________ (see) Jean this afternoon?

6. You want to use your friend’s computer tomorrow evening.

YOU: _______ you ________________ (use) your computer tomorrow evening?  

7. Your friend is going shopping. You want him/her to buy some stamps for you at the post office.

YOU: _______ you ________________ (pass) the post office while you’re downtown?

8. I ________ (not be able) to lend you the car – I _______________ (use) it all night.

9. Next year they ______________ (live) in Spain.

10. This time next week we _______________ (sit) on the beach.

11. When they come round for dinner tomorrow evening, I _____________ (show) them the photographs.

12. We ____________ (not hear) from him for some time – he _______________ (be) in Panama.

13. I ______________ (see) them tomorrow – I _____________ (tell) them what you said.

14. ____________________ (you work) all tomorrow evening?

15. She ___________ (visit) our office next week – I ___________ (ask) her then.

Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous or the Future Simple.

1. It’s nearly autumn, soon the leaves ___________________ (change) colour.

2. At four o’clock on Tuesday afternoon we ____________________ (fly) over Paris.

3. Don’t phone them now: they ____________________ (have) dinner.

4. I don’t like that man and I ________________________ (not help) him.

5. I __________________ (work) at home tomorrow. You can call me there.

6. She ______________________ (stay) in Leeds all weekend.

7. Your face is dirty. – All right. I ____________________ (wash) it.

8. What you ___________________ (do) early on Monday night?

9. Will you have lunch with me on the 24^th? – I’d love to, but I’m afraid

 I ___________________ (do) my exam then.

10. Let’s hurry up! It_______________ (start) raining in a minute.

11. It’s five o’clock and my girlfriend is waiting for me outside. I’m afraid she ________ (not wait) long.

12. You ___________________ (travel) in summer again? – Yes, we _______________ (go) to Croatia.

13. During the performance the police ____________________ (try) to keep order.

Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect or the Future Perfect Continuous.

1. By 3 o’clock, she     will have been studying  (study) for six hours.

2. By the end of next month, Sam ________________ (finish) the project.

3. He ________________ (not/start) painting the kitchen before Tuesday.

4. By the time she arrives in Paris, she ____________________ (travel) for four hours.

5. I hope I ______________ (buy) my own house by the time I’m thirty-five.

6. By Saturday, Lisa _______________ (diet) for two weeks.

7. Hopefully they _________________ (learn) everything by the time they sit the exam.

8. By four o’clock, I ________________ (sit) in the hairdresser’s for three hours.

9. By Christmas, I _______________ (work) for this company for eighteen months.

10. By next weekend, Brian _______________ (move) house.

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect or the Future Continuous.

1. I can’t come shopping on Saturday morning because I ____________ (work).

2. Don’t phone me later than midnight because I ________________ (sleep) then.

3. Come to my house at six o’clock.

   – _____________________ (you/finish) your homework by then?

4. Have you made the preparations for the party?

  – Not yet, but I ______________ (finish) them by this evening.

5. _______________ (you/go) to James’ party on Saturday night?

6. – There’s a meeting tomorrow at 4 o’clock.

  – I can’t go if it is that late. I _______________ (leave) by then.

Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect or the Futures Simple.

1. By next June he ____________________ (write) his second novel.

2. He _______________ (finish) this work before you _______________ (leave).

3. By the end of the summer she ____________________ (teach) us to speak Italian.

4. The meeting ______________ (finish) by the time we ______________ (get) there.

5. I ____________ (do) my homework tomorrow.

6. By next week he ___________________ (sell) all his furniture.

7. I hope it _______________________ (stop) raining by 5 o'clock.

8. The builder says he ___________________ (finish) the roof by Saturday.

9. The car _______________ (do) 100,000 miles soon.

10. They_______________________ (build) the road by the end of the year.

Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect.

1. Don’t phone between 7 and 8. _________________ (we/have) dinner then.

2. Phone me after 8 o’clock. _______________________ (we/finish) dinner by then.

3. Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30. So, at 4 o’clock ___________________________ (we/play) tennis.

4. Ben is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continuous like this, _________________________ (he/spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.

5. Do you think ______________________________(you / still / do) the same job in ten years’ time?

6. Laura is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has traveled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, __________________________ (she/travel) more than 3,000 miles.

7. If you need to contact me, ___________________________ (I/stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday.

8. A: _____________________________________ (you/see) Laura tomorrow?

B: Yes, probably. Why?

A: I borrowed this CD from her. Can you give it back to her?

Exercise 12. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the future  forms.

1. This time next month I ___________________________ (bathe) in the Baltic sea.

2. By the 8^th of April my mother ____________________ (work) at school for twenty years.

3. I’m tired. I think, I ______________ (go) to bed.

4. I _______________________ (work) in the library all day tomorrow.

5. At four o’clock on Tuesday afternoon we _______________________ (fly) over Paris.

6. They_____________________ (be) free in some minutes.

7. This time next week they __________________________ (go) to the Crimea by train.

8. She __________________ (change) her books in the library tomorrow.

9. They ______________________ (build) the road by the end of the year.

10. Ring me up at 4 o’clock. I__________________ (have) dinner by this time and we ________________ (go) to the concert.

11. It’s too late to telephone Tom now.

– OK. We __________ (telephone) him in the morning.

12. When you come in the evening we ______________________ (pack) our things.

13. I promise, I __________________ (meet) you at the station.

14. – We’ll come at 5 o’clock.

– OK, I ____________________________ (wait) for you.

15. It _________________ (stop) raining soon.

16. Susan _______________________ (type) from 6 o’clock until 8 o’clock this evening.

17. Young Billy is growing up. By this time next year he ___________________ (begin) school.

18. Don’t phone me tomorrow morning. I __________________________ (work) on my report.

19. We ______________________________ (fly) for twelve hours by the time the plane lands.

20. By this summer we ________________________ (read) all the stories in the book.

Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future tense.

1. My grandmother is very old. She ________________ (be) ninety next month.

2. I’m afraid I _______________ (fail) my exams this year.

3. This time next week, they _______________ (lie) on a sandy beach.

4. The team ______________ (leave) the office by 9 o’clock tomorrow.

5. By 10 o’clock Sue ______________ (drive) for twelve hours.

6. Jenny _____________ (see) Paul at work, so she can give him the letter.

7. The film ______________ (start) by the time they get to the cinema.

8. Tom expects he _____________ (get) a pay rise soon.

9. By six o’clock the secretary ______________ (type) for three hours.

10. I hope I ___________ (buy) my own car by the time I’m thirty.

11. By next week, they ______________ (live) in this town for two years.

12. I ______________ (help) you carry your shopping.

13. Martin _______________ (do) the work by Sunday evening.

14. Mother ______________ (go) to the supermarket tonight. She has already made her shopping list.

15. The play _________________ (start) at six o’clock.

Exercise 14. Correct the mistakes.

1. This time tomorrow, John is lying on the beach.

2. Peter will help you when he will have finished his dinner.

3. Shall you do the shopping for me, please?

4. Sarah will finish decorating the Christmas tree by midnight.

5. Where do you spend your holidays this summer?

6. I was turning on the heating. It’s cold in here.

7. The film has started at half past six.

8. Stop that noise or I’m going to take your toy away.

9. Moira can type these reports as soon as she will come back from her lunch break.

10. Perhaps the Jacksons have visited us tonight.

11. By the end of the year, Mrs. Evans will be teaching for thirty years.

12. Jennifer will move to her new flat on Saturday. She has already arranged it.

Exercise 15. Look at the example and complete the sentences. Pay attention to time and conditional clauses introduced by if, when, as soon as, before, until.

Example:  I    ‘ll phone  (phone) them when I   get  (get) to Paris.

1. We ____________ (wait) here until the rain ____________ (stop).

2. As soon as the match __________ (end) we ____________ (complain) to the referee.

3. I ___________ (stay) with you until your train _____________ (leave).

4. She ___________ (worry) about her exam until she ___________ (get) the results.

5. As soon as Dad __________ (get) in tonight he __________ (want) his dinner.

6. We _______________ (not start) lunch until you __________ (get) back.

7. When Peter ___________ (arrive) we ____________ (give) him his presents.

8. When the exam _________ (be) over we ___________ (have) a party.

9. I ___________ (have) an ice-cream before the film _____________ (start).

10. I ____________ (finish) this book before I ___________ (go) to bed.

11. As soon as I _____________ (return) from school, I ______________ (ring) you up.

Exercise 16. Translate.

1. Я думаю, що в твоєму диктанті не буде багато помилок.

2. Заняття закінчаться до 2-х годин?

3. Коли ми прийдемо додому, вона буде готувати вечерю вже 1.5 години.

4. Як тільки мій ноутбук полагодять, я встановлю нове антивірусне ПЗ.

5. Скільки часу в тебе піде на дорогу?

6. Я впевнений, що успішно здам іспит.

7. Я повернуся додому до п'ятої.

8. Ви скоро забудете про ці неприємності.

9. Завтра в цей час я буду писати курсову з комп'ютерної графіки.

10. Ми вже підемо до того часу, коли ти подзвониш.

11. Будьте обережні, коли будете користуватися цими приладами.

12. У наступному семестрі у нас будуть заняття з англійської два рази на тиждень.

13. Завтра о третій він буде слухати свою улюблену поп-музику.

14. Ви закінчите роботу до п'ятої години, чи не так?

15. Що ти збираєшся робити, коли витратиш всі ці гроші?

WRITING

Discussion Questions

Tasks:

1. What peripherals are attached to your computer? Make a list of them and describe their functions.

2. In some novelty stores you can find peripherals such as drink coolers, fans, and toy missile launchers. Are these peripherals good ideas? Why or why not? If you could create your own peripheral device, what would it be?

UNIT 4

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Vocabulary Bank Unit 4

Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:

1. accountant

2. accounting

3. appliance

4. artificial intelligence

5. ATM

6. cleanse data

7. cluster

8. computer of choice

9. computer-assisted instructions

10. data mining

11. decision tree

12. erroneous

13. fraud

14. general -purpose

15. grading

16. hard-copy output

17. IBM (International Business Machine)

18. income tax

19. input media

20. insurance claim

21. irrelevant

22. leisure activities

23. life-threatening

24. maintenance

25. offline storage

26. online storage

27. output media

28. personal computers

29. raw data

30. record keeping

31. relevance

32. scheduling

33. security

34. sequence

35. smart card

36. soft-copy output

37. stand-alone

38. stock market forecasting

39. telephone dialling

40. to remove

41. to delete

42. to ensure

43. to enter the fray

44. to fall by the wayside

45. to meet the demands

46. to move paragraphs around

47. to plug in

48. to survive onslaught

49. validity

50. warehouse

51. word size

52. worksheet

Text 4A. PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then in 1981 IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the way-side. One of the few companies to survive IBM's onslaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a decade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calculator and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost everyone.

What is a personal computer? How can this device be characterized?

First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

Second, a PC has a memory and word size that is smaller than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 К to 512 K.

Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.

A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output media.

Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal computer is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.

Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering and dialling, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers.

Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modelling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modelling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning, and the examination of "what if” situations.

Personal computers are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of a student and a teacher.

Two important types of uses for personal computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations

Task 2. Answer the following questions.

1. When did the first personal computer appear? 2. What was one of the first PC models? 3. What is a personal computer? 4. What are four main characteristics of a PC? 5. What does the term “microprocessor-based" mean? 6. What are the typical word sizes of a PC? 7. How is input carried out in personal computers? 8. What principle storage devices do PCs use? 9. What kind of system is a PC? 10. What differs personal computers from large computer systems? 11. What are the main spheres of PC applications? 12. Do you enjoy computer games? 13. Is it necessary for a person to be an analyst or a programmer to play computer games? 14. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name? 15. What is "a word processing program"? 16. What possibilities can it give you? 17. Can you correct mistakes while typing any material and how? 18. What other changes in the typed text can you make using a display? 19. Which professions are in great need of computers? 20. How can computers be used in education?

Task 3. Find the English equivalents for the following Ukrainian word combinations.

Конкуруюча операційна система; з'являтися щодня; вплутатися в бійку; кращий комп'ютер; залишитися осторонь; витримати конкуренцію; головний постачальник на комп'ютерному ринку; мікропроцесорний; цільний кристал (мікросхема) з кремнію; довжина слова; компоненти меншої потужності; за допомогою; вивести на екран; низькошвидкісний принтер з посимвольним друком; використовувати гнучкі диски; прилади (не)автономного зберігання даних; універсальний; автономна система; відмінна риса; інтерактивний режим; незалежно від мети; багато областей застосування; тим не менше; обробка текстів; користуватися популярністю; аматори; здатності комп'ютера; нескінченний перелік; аналіз інвестицій; набір номера телефону; автовідповідач; ведення календаря; зберігання адрес і пошти; тощо; прикладні програми; виправляти орфографічні помилки; переставляти абзаци; бухгалтер; біржові брокери; консультант з податків; юристи; працівники освіти; управлінці; бухгалтерський облік; прибутковий податок; комп'ютерне моделювання; електронні таблиці; складання розкладу; чинити величезний вплив; прокладати шлях; дати поштовх; задовольняти потреби; навчальна діяльність; комп'ютерна грамотність; моделювання реально-життєвих ситуацій.

Task 4. Find in the Text A words.

a) close to the meaning of the following words:

Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use; to start; to switch on; to supply; to give possibility; to involve.

Nouns: rate; analyst; possibilities; use; plays; control; post; mode; profession; consultant; teacher; director; book-keeper; fight; producer; attack; amateur; device; crystal; error; storage; primary (memory); monitor; characteristic; aim.

Adjectives: flexible; thrilling; main; little; general;

b) opposite to the meaning of the following words:

Verbs: to finish; to switch on; to take; to delete.

Nouns: online; input; work.

Adjectives: cheap; weak; common; general; large; soft; high; easy.

Task 5. Find the meaning of the following abbreviations.

PC; PU; CU; ALU; CPU; MPU; IBM; DOS; CRT; ROM; RAM; 1С; SSI; MSI; LSI; VLSI; MP; CD; I/O; IOP; CMI; CAI.

Task 6. Translate the sentences below.

1. It is well known that personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. 2. It took years to produce a high-speed computer performing a lot of functions. 3. When making up the summary of the text one should put down the exact title of the article, the author's name and the date of the edition. 4. It is difficult to imagine modern life without a computer. 5. It is quite impossible to listen to your English pronunciation: you make rude mistakes while reading. 6. Concerning these substances one must say that they vary in their composition. 7. When working with these substances one should be very careful. 8. It was once a universal practice to manufacture each of the components separately and then assemble the complete device by wiring the components together with metallic conductors. 9. It was no good: the more components and interactions, the less reliable the system. 10. It should first be made clear what the term "microelectronics" means.

SPECIALIST READING

Task 7. Find the answers to these questions in the following text.

1. What tool is often used in data mining?

2. What Al method is used for the following processes?

a. Separate data into subsets and then analyse the subsets to divide them into further subsets for a number of levels.

b.Continually analyses and compare data until patterns emerge.

с.Divide data into groups based on similar features or limited data ranges.

3. What term is used for the patterns found by neural networks?

4. When are clusters used in data mining?

5. What types of data storage can be used in data mining?

6. What can an analyst do to improve the data mining results?

7. Name some of the ways in which data mining is currently used.

DATA MINING

Data mining is simply filtering through large amounts of raw data for useful information that gives businesses a competitive edge. This information is made up of meaningful patterns and trends that are already in the data but were previously unseen.

The most popular tool used when mining is artificial intelligence (AI). AI technologies try to work the way the human brain works, by making intelligent guesses, learning by example, and using deductive reasoning. Some of the more popular AI methods used in data mining include neural networks, clustering, and decision trees.

Neural networks look at the rules of using data, which are based on the connections found or on a sample set of data. As a result, the software continually analyses value and compares it to the other factors, and it compares these factors repeatedly until it finds patterns emerging. These patterns are known as rules. The software then looks for other patterns based on these rules or sends out an alarm when a trigger value is hit.

Clustering divides data into groups based on similar features or limited data ranges. Clusters are used when data isn't labelled in a way that is favourable to mining. For instance, an insurance company that wants to find instances of fraud wouldn't have its records labelled as fraudulent or not fraudulent. But after analyzing patterns within clusters, the mining software can start to figure out the rules that point to which claims are likely to be false.

Decision trees, like clusters, separate the data into subsets and then analyze the subsets to divide them into further subsets, and so on (for a few more levels).

The final subsets are then small enough that the mining process can find interesting patterns and relationships within the data.

Once the data to be mined is identified, it should be cleansed. Cleansing data frees it from duplicate information and erroneous data. Next, the data should be stored in a uniform format within relevant categories or fields. Mining tools can work with all types of data storage, from large data warehouses to smaller desktop databases to flat files. Data warehouses and data marts are storage methods that involve archiving large amounts of data in a way that makes it easy so to access when necessary.

When the process is complete, the mining software generates a report. An analyst goes over the report to see if further work needs to be done, such as refining parameters, using other data analysis tools to examine the data, or even scrapping the data if it's unusable. If no further work is required, the report precedes to the decision makers for appropriate action.

The power of data mining is being used for many purposes, such as analyzing Supreme Court decisions, discovering patterns in health care, pulling stories about competitors from newswires, resolving bottlenecks in production processes, and analyzing sequences in the human genetic makeup. There really is no limit to the type of business or area of study where data mining can be beneficial.

Task 8. Match the terms in Table A with the statements in Table B.

Task 9. Mark the following as True or False:

1) Data mining is a process of analyzing known patterns in data,

2) Artificial intelligence is commonly used in data mining,

3) In data mining, patterns found while analyzing data are used for further analyzing the data,

4) Data mining is used to detect false insurance claims,

5) Data mining is only useful for a limited range of problems.

Task 10. Complete the following description of the data mining process using words from the text:

Large amounts of data stored in data_______ are often used for data____.The data is first______to remove_____information and errors. The_____is then analyzed using a tool such as______.An analysis report is then analyzed by an_____who decides if the______need to be refined, other data_____tools need to be used, or if the results need to be discarded because they are______.The analyst passes the final results to the_______makers who decide on the_______action.

GRAMMAR REVIEW.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Compare two sentences: We write dictations every week (Active Voice). Dictations are written every week. (Passive Voice).

Passive Voice is used to show what’s happening with a human being or thing;   Active Voice – what a human being or thing is doing.

      e.g. 1. Captain Cook discovered Australia in 1770.

                subject          predicate   object

                 Australia was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770.

              2. The teacher asks me every lesson.

                        subject predicate object

                        I am asked every lesson by the teacher.

Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ & Past Participle of the notional verb: to be + V₃

We use the preposition ‘by’ to show who performs the action & the preposition ‘with’ to show the way it is performed.

e.g. Australia was discovered by Captain Cook.

The letter was written with a pen.

TABLE OF PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE (compare)

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Grammar Exercises

Exercise. 1. Open the brackets to put the verbs into Present Simple Passive Voice. Make true sentences.

1. Ferrari cars (make) in Italy. 2. Space shuttles (launch) from Florida. 3. Parmesan cheese (produce) in Italy. 4. Berlin (locate) in Spain. 5. Natural gas (export) from Russia. 6. Penguins (find) in Africa. 7. Honey (make) by bees. 8. Volkswagen cars (make) in Great Britain. 9. Snails (eat) in France. 10. Bananas (import) to Ukraine. 11. Coffee (grow) in Brazil. 12. English (speak) in many countries. 13. Elephants (find) in the Antarctic. 14. Soup (eat) with a knife. 15. Stamps (sell) at the Post office.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets to put the verbs into Present Simple Active or Passive Voice.

A)When you (to arrive) at an airport, you should go straight to the check-in desk where your ticket and luggage (to check). You (to keep) your hand luggage with you but your suitcases (to take) to the plane on a conveyor belt. If you are at an international flight, your passport (to check), and then you and your bags (to x-ray) by security cameras. Sometimes you (to give) a body search and your luggage (to search) by a security officer. You (to wait) in the departure lounge until your flight (to call) and you (to tell) which number gate to go. Finally you (to board) your plane and you (to show) your seat by a flight attendant.

B) Office Life

In 70% of British offices, employees (ban) from using social networking offices sites, such as Facebook. About 40% of Internet use in the office (not relate) to work. Almost half of work time (waste) on chat, drinking tea, and taking personal phone calls.

Most employees complain that they (overwork). Many people (stress) by the number of e-mails they receive. Stress at work (associate) with the risk of heart disease. It also (know) to cause depression.

Exercise 3. Krakatoa. Put the verbs in brackets in Past Simple Passive.

Did you know that the greatest explosion in the world __ was caused __ (cause) by a volcano? Krakatoa, an island in Indonesia, erupted in 1883. More than half the island 1)________________(destroy). The explosion 2)__________(hear) in India and Australia. Rocks 3)_________________ (throw) more than 55 kilometres high into the air. Surprisingly, only a few people 4)_____________(kill), but a huge wave, 35 metres high, 5)_________________(create) by the explosion. Several small islands 6)_______________(cover) by the wave. 163 villages 7)___________________(destroy) and 36,000 people 8)_________________(drown).Dust 9)_______________(carry) all round the world, and the weather everywhere 10)____________________(affect) for many years afterwards.

Exercise 4. Famous people quiz. Choose the correct answer. Use Past Simple Passive and the preposition by.

Leonardo da Vinci________the Ancient Greeks_________Alexander Graham Bell

Lewis Carroll___________Walt Disney_________________Marconi

The Ancient Egyptians__________John Lennon ____________Christopher______Columbus Shakespeare

Example: Was “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” written by Shakespeare? No, it wasn’t. It was written by Lewis Carroll.

1. Was the “Mona Lisa” painted by Picasso?

2. Was the radio invented by Alfred Nobel?

3. Were the Pyramids built by the Chinese?

4. Was America discovered by Marco Polo?

5 Was the telephone invented by Siemens?

6. Was the song “Imagine” written by Elvis Presley?

7. Was Mickey Mouse created by Goscinny and Uderzo?

8. Was “Romeo and Juliet” written by Agatha Christie?

9. Was the Parthenon built by the Ancient Romans?

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions by or with.

1. The boat was carried ____________ the waves into the open sea.

2. The teacher was pleased ___________ our work.

3. America was discovered _____________ Columbus.

4. “Hamlet” was written ___________ Shakespeare.

5. Soup is eaten ___________ a spoon.

6. He was knocked down __________ a big stick.

7. He was knocked down __________ a car.

8. He was taken to hospital ___________ an ambulance.

9. He was treated ___________ very effective drugs.

10. He was cured __________ a very skillful doctor.

11. The letter was written __________ a pencil.

12. He was scolded __________ his mother.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in correct form, Present Simple or Past Simple, active or passive.

1. Water __________________(cover) most of the earth’s surface.

2. How much of the earth’s surface _____________________(cover) by water?

3. The park gates _________________ (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.

4. The letter _________________ (post) a week ago and it ______________(arrive) yesterday.

5. The boat hit a rock and _____________ (sink) quickly. Fortunately everybody_____________ (rescue).

6. Richard’s parents __________________ (die) when he was very young. He and his sister______________________(bring up) by their grandparents.

7. While I was on holiday, my camera _______________________ (steal) from my hotel room.

8. While I was on holiday, my camera ____ ______________(disappear) from my hotel room.

9. I saw an accident last night. Somebody ________________(call) an ambulance but nobody______(injure), so the ambulance ___________________(not / need).

10. ______________ (somebody / clean) this room yesterday?

Exercise 7. Complete each statement or question in the Present Continuous Tense, Passive Voice. The main verb is in parentheses.

1. The baby __________________________________ by his mother. (feed)

2. My videos ___________________________________ by a lot of people on YouTube. (watch)

3. __________ you _______________________________? (help)

4. I ___________________________________________ by a strange person in the car behind me. (follow)

5. The room _________________________________________ by the housekeeping staff. (clean)

6. ________ she ______________________________________ at work? (train)

7. This TV show __________________________________________ around the world. (seen)

8. Those old computers _________________________________________ very much these days. (use --negative)

9. My tomatoes ___________________________________________ by chipmunks. (eat)

10. _________ Jeff _____________________________________ to Iraq? (send)

Exercise 8. Use Present or Future Simple Active or Passive to complete the following sentences.

1. Don’t worry! You ________________(arrive) to the airport in time.

2. Your breakfast __________________________(take up) to your room tomorrow morning.

3. The TV-set doesn’t work now but it ___________________(mend) soon.

4. This programme is going to be interesting. Millions of people ________________(watch) it on Friday.

5. I am sure somebody ___________________(meet) you at the station.

6. The luggage _____________________(inspect) by the customs officers.

7. The thief ______________________(put) in prison after the trial.

8. United definitely _____________________(win) tonight.

9. The workmen have a holiday today. The work ____________________(finish) tomorrow.

10. The match ___________________(play) on Wednesday evening.

11. A number of political prisoners ______________________ (release) within the next few months.

12. When I _______________ (see) her I ______________ (tell) her the whole story.

13. The prices ______________________ (rise) again this month.

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into Present or Past Continuous Active or Passive.

1. There are no doors. They ______________________________(paint).

2. The house ____________________________ (redecorate) when I arrived.

3. The workers __________________________________(make) our street one-way.

4. This type of computers now _________________________________(manufacture) in many European countries.

5. He _____________________(drive) at over 100 kilometres when the accident happened.

6. When I left the laboratory, the lab assistant still _____________________(test) the device.

7. We couldn’t ride that way because the road ___________________________(widen).

8. The countries _____________________(compete) with each other to build the tallest building.

9. Ann can’t use her office at the moment. It ____________________________(redecorate).

10. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it’s OK. It ________________________(work) again.

Exercise 10. Choose Present Perfect or Past Simple Active or Passive.

1. When it became clear that he would be moving to Austria, he _____________(sell) the house to his brother.

2. All the copies of the book already _______________________(sell out).

3. __________the car _______________(sell) for $2000 some days ago?

4. The tickets cost too much and ____________________(sell) badly.

5. Do you know if your neighbours _________________________(sell) their car?

6. According to yesterday’s newspapers, astronomers in Australia ______________(discover) a planet in a galaxy close to ours.

7. A new planet ________________________ (discover) but I don’t remember its name.

8. Radium ______________________ (discover) by Pierre and Marie Curie.

9. His father _________________ (receive) so many complains about the noise that he told Chris to sell his drums.

11. Over 50 letters of support _____________________ (receive) in the last 10 days.

12. His project ____________________ (receive) a lot of attention lately.

Exercise 11. Turn from Active into Passive.

1. Someone is helping her with the housework. _ She is being helped with the housework.

2. Thousands of people bought the book.___________________________________________

3. You must give up your cigarettes_______________________________________________

4. Fleming discovered pen education.______________________________________________

5. They opened the Statue of Liberty in 1886._

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