, ø ( ). , , . , ‑. (. 05. ), .
1850‑ ‑ . ‑ 63 . , , , , . ‑ , , , , . . ‑ . .
. , . . . , , . ‑ , . .
1861 . , . . , . , . , . ‑ , , .
. , . , .
, . : , 25 % . . , , : .
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. , . , . , . ‑ ‑ , , ‑, 134 .
‑ : . ‑, . , Duncan, Shermann & Co. ‑ Debny Morgan & Co. ‑ Drexel, Morgan & Co.
1860‑ . 1869 ‑ Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, Keiro & Vincens. 1885 New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad, 1886‑ Philadelphia & Reading Railway, 1888‑ Chesapeake & Ohio Railway. , , Great Northern Railway.
1880‑ . , . . , . Edison Electric Thomson & Huston. , 1892 General Electric, , .
1900 . ‑ J.P. Morgan & Co., Morgan, Grenfell & Company.
XX , , . : Federal Steel, Lorein Minnesota Iron Company Federal Steel. Carnegie Steel Company, , . , . Federal Steel . Carnegie Steel Company , , , . Carnegie Steel Company. 480 . Carnegie Steel Company US Steel ( ), .
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XX . , . , . . , , . , General Motors 1,5 , . , 12 , .
, , ‑. , , 3040 .
, , , .
.
, . , . .
, , , .
1913 . , , .
, General Electric, , AT&T, Procter & Gamble, Coca‑Cola. 1,5 .