Tracert - . TTL (time-to-live, ) IP ICMP .
tracert , ping, , . ( Internet-, , ) , . , (*), Destination net unreachable, Destination host unreachable, Request time out, Time Exeeded.
tracert : 3 - , . ( -w). . , , TTL . , (). , , - ICMP Time Exeeded ( ). - TTL=1. TTL 1 , , TTL ( 30, -h).
ICMP, .
: TTL tracert.
:
tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] __
:
-d , ;
-h maximum_hops , ;
-j host-list host-list;
-w timeout , - .
arp.
ARP IP- . ARP- ARP- (ARP-). , ARP , IP-. : . . . . ( 2 .) , .
|
|
|
:
arp [-s inet_addr eth_addr] | [-d inet_addr] | [-a]
:
-s ;
-d IP-;
-a ;
inet_addr - IP-;
eth_addr - MAC-.
5. route.
route .
:
route [-f] [-p] [ [] [MASK ] [] [METRIC ] [IF ]]
:
-f .
-p ADD , . .
:
PRINT - ;
ADD - ;
DELETE - ;
CHANGE - .
; 255.255.255.255
;
,
PRINT DELETE . .
route ( & ) == . , .
networks. hosts. %systemroot%\system32\drivers\etc. route .
, .
route:
:
route add 172.16.6.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 172.16.11.1 METRIC 1 IF 0x1000003
netstat.
netstat (TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP), . , .
:
netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p protocol] [-r]
:
-a ;
-e Ethernet- (, );
-n (, TCP) . IP- ;
-s UDP, TCP, ICMP, IP. /more ;
|
|
|
-r .
nslookup.
nslookup DNS, - DNS- IP-. DNS-:
A , ip-.
SOA , , ;
MX (, );
NS ( DNS- );
PTR ( ip- )
. .
nslookup .
( ) nslookup
C :
nslookup []
:
DNS- , IP-.
DNS-, . , DNS- TCP/IP.
nslookup:
1. yandex.ru ( ).
C:\> nslookup -type=ns yandex.ru
Server: dns01.catv.ext.ru
Address: 217.10.44.35
Non-authoritative answer:
yandex.ru nameserver = ns4.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns5.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns2.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns1.yandex.ru
ns2.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.199.34
ns5.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.204.1
2. SOA yandex.ru nslookup.
C:\>nslookup
Default Server: dns04.catv.ext.ru
Address: 217.10.39.4
> set type=SOA
> server ns2.yandex.ru
Default Server: ns2.yandex.ru
Address: 213.180.199.34
> yandex.ru
Server: ns1.yandex.ru
Address: 213.180.193.1
>yandex.ru
primary name server = ns1.yandex.ru
responsible mail addr = sysadmin.yandex-team.r
serial = 2009022707
refresh = 1800 (30 mins)
retry = 900 (15 mins)
expire = 2592000 (30 days)
default TTL = 900 (15 mins)
yandex.ru nameserver = ns5.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns1.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns4.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns2.yandex.ru
ns1.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.193.1
ns2.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.199.34
ns4.yandex.ru internet address = 77.88.19.60
ns5.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.204.1
> exit
3. yandex.ru.
C:\ >nslookup
Default Server: dns01.catv.ext.ru
Address: 217.10.44.35
> set q=mx
> yandex.ru
Server: dns01.catv.ext.ru
Address: 217.10.44.35
Non-authoritative answer:
yandex.ru MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mx2.yandex.ru
yandex.ru MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mx3.yandex.ru
yandex.ru MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = mx1.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns2.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns1.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns4.yandex.ru
yandex.ru nameserver = ns5.yandex.ru
mx1.yandex.ru internet address = 77.88.21.89
mx2.yandex.ru internet address = 93.158.134.89
mx3.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.204.89
ns2.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.199.34
ns4.yandex.ru internet address = 77.88.19.60
ns5.yandex.ru internet address = 213.180.204.1
>
type=any, . querytype, t, q type.
