:
∆ t .
. Fastmean . .1.18.
∆.
t. f=1/, - . = t/, - . Fastmean .
1.12. 5.
: t=5, = 50%.
: =5/0,5=10
f=1/10=100
.
180, ( ) . U2 (- U(5)).
X t, Y ( -U(5)). , Y U(7). .
.1.21. 5.
, U UIN t= t.
, U =0,245 t=0,203 .
1.12. .1.21
: U=0,245 , UIN=0,170 .
: ∆=((U - UIN)/ U)100 %=
=((0,245-0,170)/0,245)*100%=30,6%.
t , . U. , t. , . .1.22.
.1.22
1.13. t
: .1.22 t0,1 =5,4, t0,9 =79.
|
|
: t= t0,9 -t0,1 ,
t0,9- ,
0,9* U2MAX, t0,1- , -
0,1* U2MAX.
t=79-5,4=73,6
, t=0,35/ f , f - -3 (1/ ) . : t() = 0,35/4,538 = 77 , t() = 73,6 .
() ().
. 1.23 .
R, R, R1, R2 1.2 1.3 .1.7.
.1.23
.1.24 , ( 1.10).
.1.24
.
.
1.25 1.26.
.1.25 .
,
R, +. . .
R .
. 1.26
.
2.
ՠ
2.1
() () , , . ().
.
, , , .
.2.1 A 741.
.2.1 [9] A 741 ( 24 ). . ( VT1 VT2). VT10. VT11, VT12. .
|
|
. , . - () .
2.2.
.2.2 . . , , . ( ) . [1,2], [3].
. 2.2 頠
: , , , , . FC , , NC ( ), (┴) , (.2.2.).
, . . , , , 5 :
2, 2 .
, . , - , ─ (.2.2, ).
+ ─ . 2.3. , , . , 180 .
.2.3
cxe , (. 2.3.). .
, , . , , .
, . , , , , . , .
(), , . . UD (.2.2).
|
|
.
2.3
, . , . U. (.2.2.).
2 , 1 2 , 1 . , , 2 .
, . , , , .
, . . , . , , .
.
3 18. , .
, . .
. 2.4.
2.4
, . , . D1,D2 . , . .
2.4
2.4.1.
. . , , . . , .
, . , . , , , . .
|
|
2.4.2.
.
U () U D=U(+) U(─) .
, 200000, .. 106 . , .
, ( ), ( ), ( , ). . ( 2.5), , . .
2.5
,
U = (U(+) U(─)), (2.1)
U(+) +, U(─) ─.
: , , D, KD, U .
K = U/UD 104... 105, . . 80 100 ., /
.
, UD
U,
. , UD = 0, U (+) = U (─).
2.1
UD .
: Um=12,
=150000.
: (2.1) U(+) U(─)= UD=U /=
=12 /15000=80.
, , , [ 4].
UD = 0.
2.5
, .
2.6. . R1 R2 . , R1, U. ( ) . (2.1) U =(U(+) U(─)), (2.6),
U(+)=U1 (2.2)
2.6
, , .. RD>>R1,
(2.3)
U(+) U(-) (2.2) (2.3) (2.1),
(2.4)
(>104) :
(2.5)
|
|
, (2.4) , [10]
(2.6)
- (2.3) B=UF/U, 1+=F .
2.2
F .2.6.
: R1=1, ࠠ R2=9.
: (2.1) F=1+R2/R1=1+9*10^3/10^3=10
.
.2.7.
. U1, , R1. , , . c KF .
2.7
, , , R1 R2 ..
(2.7)
, U(+)=0 ( ),
U(─) (2.7),
, KF:
(2.8)
(>104) R1+R2 :
F= ─ R2/R1 (2.9)
(2.8) (2.9) , .., 180˚.
2.3
R1 R2 .2.7
: F=50.
: (2.9) , . R2 1>R2>2, R1
100 >R1> 1.
R1=3 R2=R1*F,
R2=3*50=150 .
. (2.8) (R1+R2).
(2.10)
1=R2/(R1+R2) ─ U1 U(─)
2.4
2.3.
: Ѡ =100 /.
:
=R1/(R1+R2)=3/(3+150)=0,0196. =100000*0,0196= 1960.
2.6.
: .
. .
.
, , ,
.
, , . , .
2.6.1
0U1, RC-.
2.8
.
( 2.8). R C - .
(2.11)
S- , p = jω, 0
, , R- .
( (2.11)) [11]
KF = K0/(1 +j(f/fp)), (2.12)
K0 - . (2.12) :
( 2.9).
.2.9
f p =1/2 π RC, , . ( ) (f) = K 0 / , 3 . f/2 2f 1 . A.
f>10fp, K(f) = fp/f, . 10 ( ) (.. 20 ) K(f). , fP 20 /.
, ( ) K 2 ( 6 ); ─6/. , [3].
, K0,
fp, o
(3 ), f1=fp∙K0, K(f)=1 (). f/f>>1 K(f) = K0fp/f 20 /.
f1 . , . .
.
() R
φ(f) = ─ arctg (f / fP) p. 2.9. .
, 45/ , 0,1f 10f 5,7.
2.7.
2.7.1
. .
() .
- o , . .
.
. 2.9 . , , R-. . 2.10, .
fp1 , . fp1 fp2 20 /, . 20 / fp, 60 /.
- , , , , . 20 /.
.2.10 . .
( 2.10). 45. ─ 90 , . .
. 2.10 .
2.7.2
, , .
, , . .
.
-, (. 2.6 2.7) , (2.9) (2.5),
K (f)/[(1+ R 2/ R 1+ K (f)]
:
-, . , , 20 /.
- .
(2.12)
τ = 1/2πfp - , .
fp= 1/2πτ.
c
(p) (2.12),
KF
, fpF = fp∙F .., fpF 1/ (-3 ) fp, F.
F>1, .
. 2.11
.2.11 . =105 (100 ). F2=10 (20 ) F2 fp = 10 , (2.6), F()= () F2() = 80 (I04), f 20 /. F( ) f = 10*104= 100 . , , , , .
( 100 20 ). . 2.11, , Kf1 = 100 (40 ). (fF = 10 ), 60 80 .
, . 2.11, , , 20 /, . : ∙fP= KF∙fpF=const, KF = /F, a fpF = fp∙ F. Kf . , Kofp=fi, [12].
, , -, ; . , , 20 /, 90. , B, , . , .
-, , , , . .
20 /. 20 /, 40 /, , .
τ1 τ2-
:
φ = arctg(f/fp1) arctg(f/fp2) 180.
, , 40 / 180 . .
, 20, 40, 60 /, , , 270.
, , F=1+ B . , 180 f→0, φ = φ+ φ,
φ c , φ , , φ , . fk ( ) , φ = φ+180=0 ( 360) .
, . 2.10., f. . , , , f, (. . φ = 180). , f > Kfmin F < FMA (.2.12).
.2.12
.
. B = 1 φ =180, F=/(1 ), . , .
, φ =180, >1, . f.
.2.13
2. 13
. φ=90 , Kf 1 fpF1. φ 45 Kf 3 fpF2.
, , [11]. F MAX .
. , .
. φ 180, .
φ. , 180 φ , =1
. 2.14. , ,
.2.14 φ . φ = 90 , φ =65 4%. φ F, . φ , F fk, .
, , . , , . , , 20/, .
) )
. 2.15
.2.15, ( ) ( ). .
, , , , , 20/ f1. .2.15, . A 741 [9]. 0 , K(f)=1.
. , , .
2.8
. , . , , .
.
. , . . . .
. , , , *
. , , .
, , . , , , .
[13]. , .
Fastmean . , . : , , =109 (1), . , . , , , .
2.8.1.
, , . 2.16 1 2. , ( ). RC . , , , .
2.15
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* , ,
2.5
: 741, =200 /,
f1=1.
fp1 =f1/k=1000000/200000=5 ,
fp2 f1=1000000 .
. ( 1) =106.
( 1) , . S1= 1 R3=1 K2=S1* R3= 1, τ1=R3C1, fp1=1/2πτ1. , fp1=5 ,
C1=1/2πR*f p1=1/6, 28* 103 *5=32 *10-6=32.
( 2) . fp2, K2=S1 R3= 1. f2=1 C2=160. ().
(2) , , 1 , .
, . , 1 / RC 2. fp3 .
.2.16 2.5.
, .
. 2.16 2.5
, .
2.4 . 2.16 .
2.9
.
2.6.
: (.2.16)
2.4
:
(.2.17)
.2.17.
=U5/ U1. Fastmean db(mag(U(5) / U(4))). f ≥ f2 ( f=10 )
, (. 2.18).
.2.18,
.2.18,
2.7. . 2.19.
. 2.19
: . 2.17 R1=1 , R2=1 , KF=2
: , (. 2.20)
.2.20,
. 2.20, . . 2.18,. . , , . 6 . 700 .
.2.20,
. 2.20, (.2.19).
2.8. . 2.21.
. 2.21
: R1=1 R2=1 , KF=1
: , (. 2.22).
.2.22,
.2.22,
, B, .
. 2.9 .
: .2.19
: ) .
. 2.19 :
1. ;
2. ;
3. (5);
4. R2, (. 2.23).
. 2.23 B
2 ( 5).
db(mag(U(5)/U(4))),
(. 2.24).
. 2.24 .2.19
) , KF() = 0. 65. φ, f → 0 φ =360180 =180.
(.2.21). R1, 5, R2.
(.2.16) . , .
2.10.