4. Znl2 + 4 = 2[Zn()4] + 2Cl,
Zn2+ + 4‾ = [Zn()4]2‾.
( ).
5. N + 3N D 3 + NN,
N + 3‾ D 3 + N‾.
N4 + l D 2 + N4l,
N4 + + D 2 + N4+.
, . , . (N = 4,910‾10, 3 = 1,810‾5), (2 = 1,810‾16, N4 = 1,810‾5). ∆G = 43 (-84 ), , .
. . , , , . , 273 1,510-8 -1-1, 289 6,210-8 -1-1.
, , , , .. .
(), -:
22 D 3+ + ‾
: 2 D + + ‾.
:
( 25).
, 1. :
.
:
[2] = [+][‾] = 1,810-1655,6=10-14.
[+][‾] (: Kw): =[+][‾]. .
25, = [+][‾] = 10-14.
, , , , . :
, 0 | 0 | 25 | 100 |
B | 0,11310-14 | 10-14 | 5510-14 |
, -, . 25 [+] = [‾] = 10-7 /. [+] > 10-7 /, ; [+] < 10-7 /, .
, () +:
= lg[+].
- [+]=10-7 /, = lg10-7 = 7;
|
|
- <;
- > 7.
() -:
= lg[ͭ¯].
25, + = 14.
. , .
HInd IndOH, . , :
HInd D H+ + Ind¯ ()
IndOH D Ind+ + OH¯ ().
, () () .
, , - Ind.
, , , , Ind+, .
, , , , , . , , , , , . , .
,
Ind D H+ + Ind¯
頠
< 6 > 8
= 6÷8 ( ).
. . . , . .
, S4. ( ) :
.
, :
.
: [S4] = [2+][S42‾]; [S4] = const, , [S4] = const . , 2+ S42‾ . :
(BaSO4) = [2+][SO42‾].
nBm, , :
,
(AnBm) = [m+]n [n-]m.
, : , , , , ().
|
|
:
1. .
(, , ) . .
, , , : [m+]n[n-]m > (AnBm).
, , . , .
2. .
, (, - ), , , .
, , , : [m+]n[n-]m < (AnBm).
3. (II) (I): II < I. , , AgI, .. (AgI) = 1,510‾16 < (AgCl) = 1,5610‾10:
gCl↓ + NaI D AgI↓ + NaCl
AgCl↓ + I‾ D AgI↓ + Cl‾.
: , . .
, , .
.
(II) 20 810‾9. ( /) .
t=20 (PbI2)= 810‾9 | . ( ): PbI2 = Pb2+ + 2I‾. : PbI2 ()↓ D Pb2+() + 2I‾(). PbI2 s (/): s = (PbI2). |
S-? |
PbI2 s; s / Pb2+ 2s / I‾, .. [Pb2+] = s; [I‾] = 2s.
:
,
/.
:S = 1,3*10-3 /.
. , . :
- pH ;
- .
. . , :
-, , ; , :
N + D N + ;
-, ( ); , .
:
|
|
1. .
, - 2 ([Cu(H2O)4]2+, [Zn(H2O)4]2+, [Al(H2O)6]3+ ..). , , . , , ( 2), Ζ 2 . Ζ 2, ͅ2 :
( ) :
1) :
Na+ + HOH D
- (Na+, K+, s+, Rb+, Fr+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+), .. , ;
2) :
[Al(OH2)6]3+ + HOH D [Al(OH2)5(OH)]2+ + OH3+
:
Al3+ + HOH D AlOH2+ + H+.
+ . - (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ ..), .. , . , .
2. .
, :
, . , , p- III :
ClO < SO < PO < SiO .
:
1) :
Cl + HOH D ;
NO + HOH D ;
(Cl ˉ, Brˉ, I ˉ, NO , ClO ), SO , SiF ;
2) :
CO + HOH D HCO + OH ˉ.
ˉ . - - (Nˉ, CO , SO , S , PO ..), .. . , .
.
:
I. (KCN, CH3COONa, Na2CO3, Na2S, K2S ..).
, , .. , , , .. . , ( > 7).
1: , N , N.
:
|
|
CN = K + CN .
- :
+ + D ,
N¯ + D N + ¯.
: N + D N + .
2: ,N2S 2S N. , .
:
Na2S = 2Na + S ,
I :
Na+ + HOH D ,
S + HOH D S +
N2S + D NS + N.
II :
S + D 2S +
..
NS + D 2S + N.
..
, . 1 2 ( 2S 1>2): S , 2S, N2S.
, , , , .. .
: , . . , .. - .
II. (NH4Cl, CuCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2, AgNO3 ..).
, , .. , , , .. . , (<7). ul2, , u()2 l:
ul2 = u2+ + l ,
u2+ + D u+ + +,
l + D
ul2 + D ul + l.
, , u()2 1 2 (1 > 2). .. u+ , u()2, . , +, , , .. , .
: , . . , .. - +.
III. (Fe2(CO3)3, Al2S3, (NH4)3PO4 ..).
, , .. . , . ͭ3N4 - , ͭ3 N4. - , :
ͭ3Nͭ4 = ͭ3 + N4+,
ͭ3 + D ͭ3 + ,
..
N4+ + D N4 + +.
..
, , +. ; , . . , , .
- :
ͭ3 + N4+ + 2 = ͭ3 + N4.
:
ͭ3Nͭ4 + 2 = N4 + ͭ3.
, , , . , , , .. ( ≈ 7).
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|
:
l2S3 l()3 2S. , , . ( ) - + ˉ 2. , l()3 2S:
l2S3 = 2l3+ + 3 S2
I :
l3+ + D l2+ + +,
..
S2 + D S + ˉ;
..
II :
l2+ + D l()2+ + +,
..
S + D2S + ˉ;
..
III :
l()2+ + = l()3 + +.
- :
2l3+ + 3S2 + 62 = 2l()3 + 32S.
:
l2S3 + 62 = 2l()3 + 32S.
: , , , , . .