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81.2.73
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In 1914, following a year as a lecturer at the University of Copenhagen Bohr returned to Manchester, remaining there until 1916, when he was made professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.
In 1920, largely due to Bohr`s efforts, the Institute of Theoretical Physics was established at Copenhagen.
, , the Institute of Theoretical Physics was established , at Copenhagen , , . . . .
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1914 , , 1916 , . 1920 .
A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up about that conductor.
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Important for the computer is the problem of information security .
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1.
| I | II | III | IV |
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Participle II | Participle I |
| (to) V | Ved (II ) | Ved (III ) | Ving (IV) |
| (to) connect | Connected | connected | connecting |
| (to) make | Made | made | making |
| Perfect / Passive | Continuous |
1. . - (, ). .
1. Some blind and partially sighted people use computer-based technology to gain access to printed information. 2. In 1997, a new technology emerged that brought digital sound and video into homes over the world. 3. Since 2006 another revolution with the introduction of Blu-ray Discs has taken place. 4. Users will be able to connect to the Internet via Wi-Fi. 5. Minicomputers are becoming less popular as microcomputers improve. 6. We have been solving the problem since 1993. 7. Up to this point we have been discussing information retrieval in general terms. 8. Two keys are usually employed, one to encode and the other to decode the information. 9. The separate elements of the building have been manufactured at different factories. 10. Computer Security techniques are being developed to protect single computers from accidental or intentional invasion of data by unauthorized individuals. 11. Science is the means by which the whole of our civilization is rapidly being transformed. 12. The new device will have been tested before the chief engineer comes.
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2. . , .
SMS History
SMS was created during the late 1980s to work with a digital technology called GSM (global system for mobile communications), which is the basis for most modern cell phones. The Norwegian engineers who were inventing it wanted a very simple messaging system that worked when users' mobile phones were turned off or out of signal range. Most sources agree that the first SMS message was sent in the UK in 1992.
As SMS was born in Europe, it's not surprising that it took a little longer to make its way to the United States. Even today it is much more popular in Europe. A July 2005 study found that 37 percent of U.S. mobile phone owners had sent or received at least one text message in the previous month.
3. . .
Wireless
Originally, radio technology was ______ (call) 'wireless telegraphy', which was _____ (shorten) to 'wireless'. Wireless is an old-fashioned term for a radio transceiver or for a radio receiver. Now the term is ______ (use) to describe modern wireless connections such as those in cellular networks and wireless broadband Internet. In modern usage, wireless is a method of communication that uses low-powered radio waves _______ (transmit) data between devices. The term refers to communication without cables or cords, chiefly using radio frequency and infrared waves. High powered transmission sources usually require government licenses ______ (broadcast) on a specific wavelength. This broadcast platform which has historically _____ (carry) voice and music, has ___ (grow) into a large industry, with many thousands of broadcasts around the world. Low-powered radio waves are often unregulated. Wireless is now increasingly ___ ___ (use) by unregulated computer users. Software and hardware developers are _____ (create) smaller computer networks which form special wireless network, with protocols such as Wi-Fi and ZigBee.
2. BE
2.1.
, , , , : Wi-Fi is a technology providing wireless transmission of data over a short range Wi - Fi , .
! there (there is/was/ has been/ will be, etc.) , , .
There are a number of different ways to receive digital television .
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to be of interest ,
to be of importance , ,
to be in use .
4. .
1. Radio is the transmission of signals, by means of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. 2. GSM is a worldwide standard for mobile phones. 3. The variety of software is infinite: there are applications for education, entertainment, business and every field you can imagine. 4. The Internet is a revolution in communications. 5. Monitoring your home and transmitting images via the Web are only a couple of the things you can do with your Webcam. There are a lot of other ways to use a camera that's connected to your computer. 6. There were problems to solve. 7. There has been a scarcity of coding schemes in the industry. 8. Are there any ways of dealing with this type of errors? 9. There will not be fiber available to the customers` premises ( ) for at least two years. 10. There may be times when you suspect that your software has errors.
2.2.
a) CONTINUOUS = be + Ving (IV ).
( ?).
Experts are developing new products in corporations, computer labs and workshops around the world , .
5. .
1. Energy consumption is increasing but the resources are declining. So science is experimenting with other energy sources. 2. The technological revolution is producing an explosive change in computers hardware and software. PCs are now coming in different shapes, sizes and prices. 3. Many companies are combining rapidly converging communication technology into one device that can act as a phone, take photographs, and send e-mail.
b) PASSIVE VOICE = be + Ved (III ).
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Most microcomputers are mostly used by individuals .
Most employees are already equipped with the popular devices of their choice .
6. .
1. Bluetooth is used to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, personal computers, printers, digital cameras, etc. 2. This device was designed by our engineers last year. 3. The team was given satellite phones. 4. Questions can be asked and answered, but unfortunately the questions asked and those answered are frequently not the same. 5. The launch of the new device has been delayed until now. 6. The application is being tested for bugs at the moment. 7. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) can also be used for voice mail and fax mail applications. 8. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) will be implemented in two years.
c) : to speak about ( ), to experiment upon ( ), to act upon ( ), to deal with ( , ), to follow ( ), to refer to ( ).
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His new article was much spoken about .
The electromagnetic telegraph was followed by the invention of telephone .
! Refer to ; referred to as .
7. .
1. Different semiconductor materials were much experimented upon. 2. When insulators are acted upon by large currents they begin to conduct. 3. This problem was dealt with in a number of papers. 4. The developments in the field of telecommunications will be dealt with at this conference. 5. The review will be followed by the discussion of the problem. 6. The qualitative examination of an organic compound is followed by a quantitative analysis. 7. This method was referred to in an earlier paper. 8. The main features of the latest smartphone were referred to in that email. 9. A telephone system bought and used by telephone companies is referred to as Private Branch Exchange (PBX). 10. A technology that allows short-range, wireless connection between devices is referred to as Bluetooth.
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d) to affect ( ), to influence ( ).
- - (Passive Voice) , . , . , .
The rollout of the new software was affected by many factors (. . by many factors , ( ) the rollout of the new software ).
8. .
1. The convergence of technologies is affected by a number of factors. 2. The conductivity is affected very considerably by a presence of impurities in the crystal lattice ( ). 3. The software industry has been greatly influenced by the popularity of Open source software. 4. Manufacturing costs are influenced by the size and power consumption of hardware. 5. The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors.
2.3. be + to V
a) , . , , .
We are to provide a broadband access to our employees ( , ).
3. .
1. Digital means a sequence of 1s and 0s racing through the network. But how are these 1s and 0s to be arranged? At what speed are they to travel? What route are they to take? 2. The IT department is to provide a successful implementation of the IT renewal program. 3. The new system is to be integrated in all the branches of the chain. 4. Two data signals are to be transmitted over two channels.
. , - , , , - , , , to be going to will (shall), be + to V .
Our company is going to produce IBM-compatible computers next summer () , IBM.
b) purpose, goal, aim, task, function, problem, way, idea, etc. -, /,.
The function of this device is to receive signals .
10. .
1. The easiest way to make free long-distance calls is to use VoIP. 2. The idea is to transfer the knowledge to others in order to improve efficiency. 3. Our aim is to provide a better understanding of the current problems in this field. 4. The task is to provide new revenue generating services such as virtual desktop services. 5. The idea is to use mobile phones for making fast, secure payments in a retail environment.
11. .
a) Experts are developing new products in corporations, computer labs and workshops around the world. Exotic technologies are getting ready for the third millennium Robotics is one of them. Will machines behave as human beings? Will robots replace men? There are no answers. Big things are strong and powerful, you say. Are you sure? Stars, for example, are the biggest objects in the universe, but their power comes from the interaction of atoms. The power of technology also comes from the small. Lots of information is stored in very small places. Computers have become surprisingly small. Scientists want to build machines as small as atoms. Is there a limit? No answer.
b) The Internet has become a powerful means of progress of the technology era. It is driving computing power in diverse forms: Net phones, Net TV sets, Net cars yes, Net world. Tomorrow, any human creation or experience will be automatically stored and transmitted through the Internet. This incredible expansion was possible mostly thanks to a piece of software that put in order the chaos of the World Wide Web. We are speaking about the browser. This program is a sort of remote controller to see content on the Web. With browsers, it is very easy to navigate the Net: you are to point at something on the screen, click on it or touch it and the Net instantly links you to the information that you want.
3. HAVE
3.1.
This mobile phone has a battery life of eight hours 8 .
! , , have : to have a talk (: to talk ); to have lunch , to have a chat .
12. c have.
1. This mobile device has an email application on it and it is internet enabled so you can browse the internet. It also has GPS so youll be able to find your clients easily. 2. As many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries. 3. TDMA technology has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. 4. Mobile workers need laptops that have long battery lives.
3.2.
PERFECT = have + Ved (III ). , , ( ?).
Wireless technologies, broadband internet and satellite systems have transformed the telecommunications industry , .
, , for , since , .
Traditionally, telecommunications have taken place over dedicated and distinct networks ; the device has been working for two hours ( );in 1920, largely due to Bohr`s efforts, the Institute of Theoretical Physics was established at Copenhagen. He became its first head and under him the Institute has become an important centre for the development of theoretical and experimental physics 1920 , , . , / ( ) .
13. .
1. The price of telecoms services has fallen, on average, by around 30% in the past decade. Moreover, the competition has raised standards of service, making former monopolies much more respondent () to the needs of consumers. 2. Traditionally, fixed, copper landlines have been used for carrying voice calls, and recently for internet access. Mobile phones have provided wireless connectivity for voice calls and text messages. Televisions have received broadcast content principally via cable, satellite and radio frequency transmission.
3.3. have + to V
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Big software developing corporations have to compete with experts producing open source software , , , .
14. .
1. A lot of TV broadcasters are having a hard time. They have to survive on advertising revenue and at the moment thats falling. 2. I often have to create documents and presentations when Im away from the office. 3. Early European analogue cellular networks employed an uncoordinated mix of technologies and protocols so equipment manufacturers had to contend with varying standards. 4. Thin and light laptops and ultra-portable designs are the best options when you have to travel with your laptop. 5. In fact you will have to educate yourself as well as you public. 6. We have lorries from the distribution center turning up at the store warehouse unannounced and we have no idea what goods they are delivering, so we have to unpack it all to find out what it is. And because we are not sure what we have in stock we cant check if anything has been lost or stolen. 7. Two important new technology success examples over the last decade have been the Internet and the mobile phone. Development and spread of these technologies have been rapid, and this development has resulted in substantial changes in consumer behavior. Lately, interest has grown in applying mobile technology not only in consumer markets but also in business markets.
4. DO
4.1.
, , . : to do business, to do a research, to do damage, etc.
Some of the employees do most of their work behind a desk .
4.2.
PRESENT PAST SIMPLE. , .
How do SMS messages actually get to your phone? ?
4.3.
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SMS doesn't require you to go on line like e-mail and instant messaging (IM) do ( ) .
4.4.
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The possibilities for integrating SMS into your lifestyle do seem endless .
15. , do.
1. A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. 2. Wireless networks do have a lot of advantages, they are easy to set up and inexpensive. 3. Now employees do not simply require access to business email, calendar functions, and contacts while they are on the move. 4. Does Internet banking allow users to access their accounts and check their balances? 5. What sorts of tasks do you need to do when youre away from the office? 6. We sell the latest smart phones and laptops and have problems because the tills dont work. 7. This company made profit from voice calls as most other telecoms companies did. 8. This anti-virus program does scan your PC for spyware that threatens your security. 9. Our sales assistants can use Waiter Pads in the store just as waiters do in restaurants. 10. How often do you download and use a new application? 11. Spotty () electricity doesnt affect low-power phones as much as it does computers. 12. This type of smartphone did have advantages.13. Do be careful with that device!
16. .
a) SMS does have several advantages. It is a store-and-forward ( ) service. When you send a text message to a friend, the message does not go directly to your friend's cell phone. The advantage of this method is that your friend's cell phone doesn't have to be active or in range for you to send a message. The message is stored (for days if necessary) until your friend turns his cell phone on or moves into range. SMS doesn't overload the network as much as phone calls do.
b) Are there ways to do business more efficiently? There can be an app for that. As the smartphone revolution does expand, there is a growing demand for software programs that allow employees to work faster and from any-where. Now with iPhones and with Android devices employees dont want to carry two devices. They want to be able to use one for business as well as personal functions. When you think about business becoming mobile, you need to think about what you do at your desk and what you can do online.
5.
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