.
1, , n , 1, , n, 1, , n .
. .
:
: 1, , n 1, , l k, i (i = 1,... l) 1, n, l ( ) n.
:
, l > n. i 1, n,
1 = 11 1 + 12 2 + + 1n An,
B2 = a21 A1 + + a2n An,
B l = a l 1 A1 + + a l n An.
1 l:
x1 B1 +... + x l B l.
, .
1 1 + + l Bl = x1(a11 A1 +... + a1n An) + x2(a21 A1 +... + a2n An) + + x l (a l 1 A1 +... + a l n An) = (a11 x1 +... + a l 1 x l)A1 + (a1n x1 +... + a l n x l)An = .
11 1 + + a l 1 x l = 0
a12 x1 +... + a l 2 x l = 0
a1n x1+ + a l n x l = 0
.. l > n .
1, l.
.
, 1, , n 1, , l , , l ≤ n n ≤ l. , l = n.
. . rank M. , k, rank M ≤ k, .. k k.
: :
1 3 4 2
= 2; 1; 3; -1.
-1 2 1 3
rank M = 2, .., , 1- 2 . 2 :
4 1 3
3 = 2 + 1,
1 -1 2
2 3 1
-1 = 1 - 2.
3 2 -1
11 1n
. =
ak1... akn
m (m ≤ min (k,n)) , , m m .
:
1 2 3 4
= 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
2 4 1 2 7 8
6 8, 9 10, 11 12 . 2-
1 3 4 1 2 3
5 7 8 5 6 7
9 11 12, 9 10 11 . 3-
. ( ) .
|
|
( ).
.
:
r
r
r
, r = r, , r = r.
-, r ≥ r, .. l > r, l , , , l , , .. r < l.
-, r ≤r. l = r . , , l = r :
(11 1n),
(a21 a2n),
(a l 1 a l n).
11 1n
= .
a l 1 a l n
( ), .. ,
,
.
. , 1.
0 1 2 0 4 1 0 0
(: = 0 0 0 1 3 = 0 1 0)
0 0 0 0 1, 0 0 1
, . 1, l. ,
l .
( l) , , l l , . = 0. r ≥r.
r ≥r
r ≤ r => r = r.
. , , , , .. r(A) = r(), r(A) = r().
r() = r().
, r(A) = r(A).
.
. r(A) = r(A) = r(A). : rankA.
. . , : ( ).
, .
: 2 -1 3 0 2
1 -2 1 3 1
= 3 -3 4 3 3
|
|
1 1 2 -3 1
:
2 -1 3 0 2 1 -2 1 3 1 (- 2) (- 3) (- 1) 1 -2 1 3 1
1 -2 1 3 1 2 -1 3 0 2 + 0 3 1 -6 0 (-1)
3 -3 4 3 3 ó 3 -3 4 3 3 + ó 0 3 1 -6 0 +
1 1 2 -3 1 1 1 2 -3 1 + 0 3 1 -6 0 +
1 2 1 3 1
0 3 1 -6 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
: rankA = 2.