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4 16.12.2014 .

 

2015


1. 3
2. 4
3. 6
4. 6
5. 7
6. 8
7. 9
8. 10
9. 11
9.1 11
9.2 13
9.3 16
9.4 19
9.5 24
10. 25
10.1.1 26
10.1.2 26
10.1.3 26
10.1.4 27
10.1.5 28
10.1.6 30
10.1.7 31
10.2 31
10.2.1 31
10.2.2 32
1 35
39

, , , , . . (time value of money) (cash flow).

: , . .

1. .

2. - .

3. .

, , , .

. . . , , . .

FV (future value), , , , . , , .

(present value) PV . :

FV

PV = --------------,

(1 + i)n

 

FV = PV × (1 + i)n

 

PV ,

FV ,

n ,

i .

, FM1(i,n)= (1+i)n FM2(i,n)=1/ (1+i)n i ( , , ).

1(i,) , : , ( , . .) i. , . , , .

2(i,) , : , .. (, ), , () i. , , . , , . . , , . . , , . . . .

, , .

(interest). , , .

I , i - P , : i = I / P.

 

2.

, . , , . , . , () , . .

(1+n*i) (1+i)n () .

. , 1000 . (PV) 10% . , 5 , .

.

FV1= 1000* (1+0.1) = 1100 .

1000 , , 100 . 1000 . 1100 .

1100 . ,

FV2= 1100* (1+0.1) = 1210 .

. 1000 , 100 . 100 . , , . 10 . , , 100 , . , , . 210 . (200 .) (10 .).

, 5 .

FV5= 1000* (1+0.1)5 = 1610.51 .

, 1000 . 10% 1610.51 . 610.51 ., 500 . 110.51 .

. 20 1000 . 40 10% . , 60 , . .

FV = 1000 * (1+0.1)40 = 45259.26

1000 ., 1000*0.1*40 = 4000 . , 40259.26 .

11%.

FV = 1000 * (1+0.11)40 = 65000.87 .

1% 24741.61 .

, . . , , , . :

FV = PV * (1+ n*i).

.

. . 20 1000 . 40 10% . , 60 , .

FV = 1000 * (1+40*0.1) = 1000+4000 = 5000

1000 . 1000*0.1*40 = 4000 .

, . . , , , . , , .

1. 10000 . () 18% ?

:

FV = PV *(1+n*i) = 10000*(1+2*0,18) = 13600 .

:

FV = PV *(1+ i)n= 10000*(1+*0,18)2= 13924 .

2. 10%.

FV = 2*PV = PV *(1+n*i),

2 = *(1+n*0,1),

n = (2-1)/0,1 =10 .

FV = 2*PV = PV *(1+i)n

(1+i)n = 2,

n*Ln(1+0,1) =Ln2,

n= Ln2/ Ln(1+0,1) = 0,69/0,095 = 7,26 .

3. ( ) .

FV = PV *(1+n*i),

FV = 2*PV = PV *(1+10*i),

(1+10*i) = 2,

i = 1/10 = 0,1.

FV = 2*PV = PV *(1+i)10

i = 2 1/10 1 = 0,072.

4. , . 10000 ., 15%. 12%, 10%. ? .

FV = PV *(1+n1*i1 + n2*i2 + n3*i3) = 10000*(1+1*0,15+1*0,12+1*0,1) = 13700 .

FV = PV *(1+ i1)n1 *(1+ i2)n2 *(1+ i3)n3 = 10000* *(1+ 0,15)1*(1+ 0,12)1*(1+ 0,1)1 = 10000* 1,15*1,12*1,1 = 14168 .

5. 1000 . 9% , 6%. .

FV = PV *(1+n1*i1 + n2*i2) = 1000*(1+2*0,09+3*0,06) = 1360 .

FV = PV *(1+ i1)n1 *(1+ i2)n2 = 1000* *(1+ 0,09)2*(1+ 0,06)3 = 1417 .

 

3.

, , , . . , , 1 , , , , , .

, , 6% , . , 1/12 6%, 0.5%.

FV = (1.005)12 = 1.061678

I = 1.06168-1 = 0.061678 = 6.1678% .

:

I = (1+i/m)m 1,

I , m .

. , -

I = Lim (1+i/m)m 1 = ei - 1= 2.71828i -1

m .

e 0.06 - 1= 6.1836 .

. 12% . . .

I = (1+0,12/4)4 1 = 12,55%.

 

4.

 

() . , , .

1 . n :

FV

PV = --------------,

(1 + i)n

PV ,

FV ,

n ,

i .

. , 1000 . (i=10%)

PV = 1000 / (1+0.1)5 = 620.92 .

, (1+i)n. . , , 1 8%

PV = 1/(1+0,08)1 = 0,93,

10%

PV = 1/(1+0,1)1 = 0,91.

.

. (NPV). , , .

. 1000 . 5 750 . 8% . .

NPV , . , . 8%.

1000 . 5 .

PV = 1000/1.08^5 = 680.58 .

, 680.58 ., 750 . 680.58 750 = -69.42, .

NPV , . 69.42 .

NPV . , 5000 . . 12 % . 5000 ., 9000 . 4 . . 9000 .

PV = 9000/(1+0.12)4 = 5719.66 .

, NPV 5000-5719.66= -719.66 . .

(internal rate of return) IRR. , . , IRR , NPV = 0.

IRR

750 = 1000/(1+IRR)^5

IRR = 5.92%.

, 5.92% , .

5.

, .. , . , .

, . . , , , . . , . .

: () , . . ( ); () , . . ( ).

, . . . , () , .

FV = Σ Ck * (1+i)k

. 1000 . , 10% , . , . 1000 .

FV1 = 1000* (1+0,1)1 = 1100 .

1000 . 2100 .

FV2 = 2100* (1+0,1)1 = 2310 .

() . , , .

PV = Σ Ck / (1+i)k

, 1000 . 10%. 100 . . .

PV = 100 / (1+0,1)1 + 100 / (1+0,1)2. + 1000 / (1+0,1)2 = 8438,01 .

 

 

. , , , , .

. . , . , : . . , . :

1 = =... = = .

, .

PVA = A/(1+i)+A/(1+i)2 A/(1+i)3++A/(1+i)n.

B = A/(1+i),

C = 1/(1+i).

PVA = B*(1+C+C2+C3+ +Cn-1) *

C

PVA* = B*(C+C2+C3+ +Cn) **

** *

PVA*(1-) = B*(1-Cn).

PVA*[1-1/(1+i)] = A/(1+i)*[1-1/(1+i)n)].

(1+i)

PVA*i = A*[1-1/(1+i)n)]

PVA = A*[1/i-1/(i*(1+i)n)].

.

FVA = A+A*(1+i)2 A*(1+i)3++A*(1+i)n-1.

B=A*(1+i)/

FVA = A*(1+B +B2 B3++Bn-1).

B.

FVA*B = A*(B +B2 B3++Bn).

,

FVA*(1-B) = A*(1-Bn).

FVA = A/i*[(1+i)n-1].

FM1(i,n)= (1+i)n FM2(i,n)=1/ (1+i)n FM3(i,n)= 1/i*[(1+i)n-1] FM4(i,n)= [1/i-1/(i*(1+i)n)] i . F(i,), , : , (, ) . , , . F4(i,) i n.

. , ( , 50 ).

. ,

PVA = A*[1/i-1/(i*(1+i)n)]

n .

PVA = A/i

. ; i (, , ).

 

7.

, , . : . . , , , , , , , , .

, 100000 . 9% . , A, PVA 100000 . 9% :

PVA = A*[1/i-1/(i*(1+i)n)].

A = PVA/[1/i-1/(i*(1+i)n)].

A = 100000/[1/0.09-1/(0.09*(1+0.09)3)].

, 39505,48 . , 39505,48 . ? 9% , , , 0,09 100000, 9000 . 39504,48 ., 30505,48 . 100000 . , 100000 . - 30505,48 ., 69 494,52 . .

. 0.09 69 494,52 ., 6254,51 . 39504,48 . 33250,97 . . , , 69494,52 . - 33250,97 ., 36243,54 .

, 36243,54 . (.. 1,09 36243,55 . = 39504,47 .). .

 

1 100000 39505 9000 30505 69495
2 69495 39505 6255 33251 36244
3 36244 39505 3262 36244 0
0 118515 18515 100000  

 

, 39504,48 . , , , , , .

 

8.

 

.

. 20 100 . 8% . , 100 . , 65 , 3192 . , 45 . , , . , , , 8% 45 , 3192 . , 100 . .

, , , , . . , , .

, , :

1 + = (1 + )*(1 + )

,

= ( - )/(1 + ).

. 2005 19%, 11%. , .. .

ir = (in - π)/(1+π) = (0,19 - 0,11)/(1+0,11) = 0,08/1,11 = 0,072 = 7,2%.

= - .

8%, 11%. .

. 8%, 3%. , .. . :

ir = (in - π)/(1+π) = (0,08 - 0,03)/(1+0,03) = 0,05/1,03 = 0,0485 = 4,85%.

ir = (in - π) = 0,05 = 5,0%

1%, .

, . , 20 100 . , , 65 . .

. 100 . , (8%-5%)/1.05 = 2,857% 45 .

= 100 . 1,0285745 = 355 .

. , 8% :

FV 45 = 100 . x 0845 = 3192 .

45 , 5% :

45 = 1,0545 = 8,985

: 3192/8.985 = $355.



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