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[1] / . .. . - .: . , 1998, 1999.

[2] ., . - .: , 1998. . 8

[3] . . 27.

[4] .. . 1S98, 12. . 85.

[5] Offences Against the Person Act 1860 (12 Statutes 87)

[6] Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP [1973] AC 435, [1972] 2 All ER 898, HL.

[7] : . - , 1990 . 165.

[8] , . , 1483 . .

[9] . . -- ., 1985. . 26

[10] Kenny. Outlines of Criminal Law, 1965; Card, Cross and Jones. Introduction to Criminal Law, 1998; Smith and Hogan. Criminal Law, 1996, Glanville Williams. Criminal Law: The General Part, 1961.

[11] . . . . 11.

[12] Criminal Law Act 1967 (12 Statutes 238); Criminal Law Act 1977(12 Statutes 693); Criminal Attempts Act 1981 (12 Statutes 788); Crime (Sentences) 1997.C. 53, Crime and Disorder Act 1998. C. 37 ( disorder (. ).

[13] . (. . .).

[14] Powers of Criminal Courts Act 1973. . 62; Magistrates Courts Act 1982 (27 Statutes 143);CrimmalJusticeAct 1982. C. 48; CriminalJustice Act 1991 (12 Statutes 1484); Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (12 Statutes 845; 17 Statutes 220); Police Act 1997. C. 50.

[15] Treason Act 1351 (12 Statutes 21).

[16] . . . ., 1980. . 136.

[17] , State Secretary, .. .

[18] Children and Young Persons Act 1969. . 54.

[19] Firearms Act (Amendment) 1992 (12 Statutes 1293).

[20] Theft Act 1968 (12 Statutes 501).

[21] Criminal Damage Act 1971 (12 Statutes 548).

[22] Criminal Law. Codification of the Criminal Law. A Report to the Law Commission. (Law Com. N 143), L, HMSO, 1985.

[23] Card, Cross and Jones, op. cit. P. 3.

[24] Ibid

[25] . . . - ., 1949. . 4.

[26] Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law. L, 1977, V. 1. P. 512.

[27] Card, Cross and Jones, op. cit. P. 1.

[28] Ibid.

[29] J.C. Smith and . Hogan. Criminal Law. - L, 1996.

[30] 1870. (33 & 34 Viet. . 23, s. 1) .

[31] . . . 2. -., 1972. . 18.

[32] , (Card, Cross and Jones, P. 31)

[33] . , 1972, . 37.

[34] , , , , 1872 . (. 12) , (Licensing Act 1872, 24 (Statutes) 290).

[35] Card. Cross and Jones Op. cit. P. 33

[36] Ibid. P. 34.

[37] R v Gibbins and Proctor [1918] 13CrApp Rep 134, CCA.

[38] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 37

[39] R v Stone and Dobinson [1977] QB 354, [1977] 2 All ER 341, CA.

[40] R v Moloney [1985] 1 All ER 1025, HL.

[41] J.C. Smith. Criminal Law. Cases and Materials. P. 73.

[42] (basic intention) (specific intention). , , , , .

[43] . . . 115.

[44] Metropolitan Police Comr v Caldwell [1982] AC 341, 1 All ER 961, HL.

[45] , , , .

[46] R v Cunningham [1981] 2 All ER 863 HL

[47] Malicious Damage Act 1861 (12 Statutes 80).

[48] J..Smith and B.Hogan. Op. cit.'P. 65.

[49] R v Lawrence [1981 ] 1 All ER 974.

[50] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 59.

[51] .

[52] . . 120

[53] , , , , 5% (Card, Cross and Jones. P. 73).

[54] Public nuisance - , , , , , , , ..

[55] RvJohnson[1996] 160JP605, .

[56] Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 (Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law., p. 615).

[57] , , , .

[58] Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (6 Statutes 18).

[59] (minor) v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43.

[60] Sexual Offences Act 1993 (12 Statutes 1560).

[61] . . . . 52.

[62] . . 57-58.

[63] R v Sullivan [ 1983] 2 All ER 673; R v Kemp [ 1957] 1 QB 399.

[64] Homicide Act 1957 (12 Statutes 277).

[65] R v Campbell [1997] Cnm LR 495.

[66] R v Byrne [1960] 3 All ER 1, CCA.

[67] RvLipman(1969)3AIIER410, CA; DPPvMajewski(1977)AC433, (1976) 2 All ER 142, HL.

[68] DPP v Beard [1920] 479, 89 LJKB 437, HL

[69] DPP v Majewski [1977] 433, [1976] 2 All ER 142, HL.

[70] Davis [1881] 14 563 (Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 617).

[71] A-G for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349.

[72] R v Hardie [1984] 3 All ER 848, [1985] WLR 64, .

[73] Interpretation Act 1978 (41 Statutes 213).

[74] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit., p.688 (Associated Octel Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 846, HL).

[75] Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974 (19 Statutes 796).

[76] Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd vPJ Graham & Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159.

[77] Yip Chui-cheung v R [1994] 2 All ER 924.

[78] Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 (35 Statutes 777).

[79] Dicey. Introduction to the Study of the law of the Constitution. 1959. P. 303.

[80] . ( . . . . ). - .: . - - , 1947. . 147.

[81] Terner J.W., Armitage A. LI. Cases on Criminal Law. Cambridge: University Press. 1953. P. 583.

[82] Clarck W,, Marshall W. A Treatise on the Law of Crimes. Mundelem, III. Callaghan & Co., 1967. P. 220.

[83] Elliott ./., Wood J. . A Casebook to Criminal Law. -L: Butterworth, 1978. P. 215.

[84] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 529.

[85] Police Act, 1964. . 45

[86] Hodsworth W. A History of English Law. - L: Methuen & Co., 1942. Vol. III. P. 401.

[87] . . - : . . , 1865. . 6.

[88] 1487 . . . , , 1641 . .

[89] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 531.

[90] ElliottD.W., WoodJ.C. Op.cit. P. 285.

[91] R v Shaw (1961), CCA, Shaw v DPP (1962), HL

[92] RvMeyrick[1929]21 CrAppRep94.

[93] MavjivR [1957] AC 126, (19571 All ER 385, PC.

[94] Criminal Attempts Act 1981 (12 Statutes 788).

[95] CrimmalJustice Act 1987 (12 Statutes 1100).

[96] Hall J. General Principles of Criminal Law. 1960. P. 565

[97] Elliott D.W., WoodJ.C. Op. cit. P. 207.

[98] Slater J. . N. Cases and Statutes on Criminal Law. -L: Sweet and Maxwell, 1973. P. 51.

[99] ElliottD.W., Wood J.. Op. cit. P. 216.

[100] Slater J.C.N. Op. cit. P. 52.

[101] R v White [1908-10] All ER 340, CCA.

[102] . . . . . 92.

[103] Anon [1665] Kel 53 (Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 657).

[104] R v Stinger (1991) 94 CrApp Rep 13 CA.

[105] . , , , .

[106] R v Belts and Ridley [1930] 22 Cr App R 148 (. : . . . . . 94).

[107] . . . . . 95.

[108] Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 (12 Statutes 79).

[109] Dunnington [1984] QB 472 {Smith & Hogan. Criminal Law. Cases and Materials. 1993. P. 379).

[110] Willams G Criminal Law. - L, 1961 P. 396.

[111] Card, Cross, Jones. Op. cit. P. 669 (Powell, English [1997] 4 All ER 545, HL).

[112] J.C. Smith and . Hogan. Op. cit. . 159 (Baker [1994] Grim LR 444, ).

[113] . Hart. Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment. 1960. P. 21 -22.

[114] H. Hart. Punishment and Responsibility. 1968. P. 4-5 (. : . , .. . . 1998).

[115] Treason Act 1351 (12 Statutes 13).

[116] Piracy Act 1837 (12 Statutes 64).

[117] Crime and Disorder Act 1998.C. 37.

[118] . . IV. - ., 1975. . 15.

[119] R v Fairbairn [1980], 2 Cr. App R. (S) 315.

[120] Prevention of Crimes Act, 1908, 8 Edw. 7. . 59.

[121] - 16 21 . , . , 1902 .

[122] .., .. . -.,1990. . 10.

[123] . .: , B.C., .. . . . 18.

[124] .: .. // . - .,1999. . 18.

[125] 1951 ., 1953 . , . , , , .

[126] .. // . - ., 1969.

[127] . . 1. . - ., 1971. . 93.

[128] The American law institute. Model Penal Code. Proposed official draft. Phil. 1962. P.123.

[129] Lbid. P. 241

[130] .. , .. , .. , .. .: (). - ., 1969.

[131] Packer H. Mens rea and the Supreme Court // The Supreme Court Review, 1962. P. 107,109.

[132] Symposium: the 25th anniversary of the Model Penal Code // Rutgers Law Journal. V. 19. 1988. 3. P. 887.

[133] Ibid. P. 520.

[134] Ibid

[135] , - , . .. // . 1993. 9. . 142-151.

[136] .. 35- - // . 1998. 12. . 82.

[137] .: .. - // . - ., 1993. . 76-91.

[138] .. : . - ., 1993. . 177.

[139] .: , , , , . . - ., 1991. . 132.

[140] .: .. - . . 84.

[141] . . - ., 1976. . 32.

[142] : . / . .. .. . - ., 1990. . 47.

[143] . . 55.

[144] .. . . . 169, 171.

[145] .: .. . - ., 1979. . 85.

[146] 1997 . 104 . . .: Federal Criminal Code and Rules. - St. Paul (Minn),1997. P. 971-972.

[147] 15-109 .

[148] . . - ., 1972. . 7.

[149] Law and disorder: Criminal justice in America (ed. By Bruce Jackson. University of Illinois press., 1984. P.11).

[150] Sigler Jay A. Understanding criminal law(Boston, Mass.), 1981. P. 14.

[151] Packer H. The limits of criminal sanction. - Stanford (Cal), 1968. P. 18.

[152] People v. McAdams, 299 N.Y.S. 603 (1937)) . : Bassioni M. Cherif Substantive criminal law. Springfield, 1978. P. 75.

[153] Hasnell M. and YablonskyL Crime and delinquency. -Chicago, 1970. P. 5.

[154] Perkins R. Criminal law. - N.Y., 1969. P. 9.

[155] Clark W. and Marshall W. A treatise on the law of crime. 7-th ed. - Illinois, 1967. P. 89.

[156] Sigler Jay A. Op. cit. P. 33-34.

[157] , , , , ( ) . , . .: / . .. . - .,1999.

[158] 1102 I , II - .

[159] 180 2 ( 12.35).

[160] .

[161] . . . . . - .,1976. .13.

[162] Crime and punishment in America. N.Y. Ed. By Judith Buncher. - N.Y., 1978. P. 7.

[163] .1989.15 ; . 1992. 28 .

[164] . . . 134. . -.,1977. . 21-22.

[165] . 1984. 31 .

[166] , , (.5 .1.13) - (.4 15.00) - .

[167] , , , . , (26-201) , . . 401 .1 18 . .: .. - . // . - .,1993. . 76.

[168] .: Bassionni M. Cherif. Op. cit. P. 161.

[169] , (. 10, . 1.13).

[170] : .. . - .,1977. . 98.

[171] . 2901.21 .

[172] BassionniM. Cherif. Op. cit. P. 168.

[173] .: .. . // , 2000. 1. . 136.

[174] Robinson Paul. Criminal law. - N.Y. Aspen & Business, 1997. P. 169.

[175] B.C. .. .-., 1990. . 45.

[176] Robinson P. Criminal law. N.Y., 1997. .141.

[177] . . - ., 1972. .113.

[178] , , , , .. -, 80 , , , . .: .. . - ., 1979. . 57.

[179] United States V. Freed, 401 US. 601, 613.915 Ct.1112,1120 (1971).

[180] Thomas Ch.W. and Bishop D.M. Criminal law. Understanding basic principles. Sage

publications,1987. P. 51.

[181] (). - .,1969. .14.

[182] Smith V. State, 20 So, 2d 701 (Miss. 1945).

[183] . : . .2. . - .,1972. . 119-120.

[184] .. . -.,1977. .101.

[185] .., .. . - .,1990. . 47-48.

[186] Peck V.Dunn, 574 P.2d 367 (Utah 1978).

[187] SiglerJayA. Understanding criminal law. - Boston, 1981. P. 57.

[188] : - , , , .. , (O'Connor V. United States, App. D.C., 399 A. 2d 21(1979).

[189] - . , , , , ( ) . .: .. ( ). - .,1976. . 6 17.

[190] .

[191] Bassionni M. Cherif. Substantive criminal law. - Springfield, 1978. P.177-181.

[192] Ibid.

[193] Thomas Ch W. and Bishop D.M. Op. cit. P. 51-52; Bassionni M. Cherif. Op. cit. P. 183-184; State V. Jamison, 577 p. 2d 1241,110 Ariz. 245(1974); State V. Cooper, 180, Mont. 68(1979).

[194] (). - .,1969. . 15.

[195] , 14- , ( 26).

[196] .: / . .. . - .,1999. .108-109.

[197] People V. Wolff, 61 Cal. 2d 795,40 Cal, Rptr. 271,394 P. 2d 959 (1964).

[198] Samaha J. Criminal law. West publishing Co., Minn. St. Paul, 1993, p. 295-298. . , .

[199] . , .

[200] People V. Munoz, 22 Misc. 2d 1078, 200 N.Y. S. 2d 957 (1960).

[201] 10- (),15- ( ) 16- (, ).

[202] , , , -.

[203] , , (La Fave W., Scott A. Criminal law. West publishing Co., St. Paul Minn., 1991 (1998), p. 400).

[204] Robinson P. Criminal law. - N.Y., 1997. P. 516.

[205] LaFave W., Scott A. Op. cit. P. 308.

[206] , , ratio decidendi, , .. . , , , . .: . . 2. - ., 1972. . 128.

[207] Johnson Ph. Criminal law. Cases, materials and text on the substantive criminal law in its procedural context. - St. Paul, Minn., 1980. P. 539.

[208] Dressier J. Understanding Criminal Law. Mattew Bender. - N.Y., 1994. P. 300

[209] Card, Cross and Jones. Criminal law. - L, 1995. P. 142-143.

[210] Rivera V. Delaware (1976) 429 U.S. 877,97 S. Ct. 226,50 L.Ed. 2d. 160.

[211] FergusonR.W. Readings on concepts of criminal law. St. Paul (Minn). 1975.P.543.

[212] Durham V. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C.Cir. 1954).

[213] Johnson Ph. Op.cit. P. 554-555.

[214] McDonald V. United States, 312 F. 2 d 847 (D.C. Cir. 1962).

[215] , , , , , () (People V. Nance (1972) 25Cal. App. 3d 925, 929, 102 Cal. Rptr. 266.

[216] SiglerJay. Understanding criminal law. - Boston, 1981. P. 244.

[217] . . (United States V. Hinckley, 525 F. Supp. 1342(D.D.C. 1981); 672 F. 2d 115 (1982). , , , , , .

[218] Samaha J. Op. cit. P. 311.

[219] , : Gurganus V.State, 451 So.2d 817 (Fla. 1984), - : Laney V.State, 421 So. 2d 1216 (Mliss. 1982).

[220] , 314 , 2901.01 ( 14) , . 20: 4-1 - . 14-14 .

[221] . . . 118.

[222] : , .

[223] SamahaJ. Op. cit. P. 302.

[224] New York Cent. &H.R.R. V. United States 212 U.S. 481,29 S.Ct. 304,53 L. Ed. 613 (1909).

[225] United States V. Thotnpson-Powel Drilling Co.,196 F. Supp571 (N.DTex. 1961).

[226] LaFave W.. Scott O. Op. Cit. P. 260. , .: .- // . 2000. 1.

[227] , .

[228] Mueller G. Mens rea and the corporation: A study of the Model penal code position

on corporate criminal liability// 19 U.Pitt. Law Review 21, 23 (1957).

[229] - - , - .

[230] Dix G. Criminal law. - Chicago, 1997. P. 63

[231] State V. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc., 354 N.W. 2d 17,18-20 (Minn.1984).

[232] , (. 3 307) (.1, 2 562.056).

[233] , : United States V. Koppers Co., 652 F. 2d 290 (2d Cir.1981).

[234] Corporate Culpability under Federal Sentensing Guidelines // 34 Ariz. Law Review, 743(1992).

[235] . : - . 6 () . 2.07.

[236] B.C., .. . - ., 1990. . 54-55.

[237] DixG. Op. cit. P. 62; Perkins R. and Boyce R.Criminal law and procedure. Cases and materials, St. Paul, 1989. P. 37.

[238] , , (. IV) .

[239] Samaha J. Criminal law. - West publishing Co.,Minn.,Paul,1993. P. IX-X.

[240] , . , (Dressier J. Underst





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