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[1] / . .. . - .: . , 1998, 1999.
[2] ., . - .: , 1998. . 8
[3] . . 27.
[4] .. . 1S98, 12. . 85.
[5] Offences Against the Person Act 1860 (12 Statutes 87)
[6] Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd v DPP [1973] AC 435, [1972] 2 All ER 898, HL.
[7] : . - , 1990 . 165.
[8] , . , 1483 . .
[9] . . -- ., 1985. . 26
[10] Kenny. Outlines of Criminal Law, 1965; Card, Cross and Jones. Introduction to Criminal Law, 1998; Smith and Hogan. Criminal Law, 1996, Glanville Williams. Criminal Law: The General Part, 1961.
[11] . . . . 11.
[12] Criminal Law Act 1967 (12 Statutes 238); Criminal Law Act 1977(12 Statutes 693); Criminal Attempts Act 1981 (12 Statutes 788); Crime (Sentences) 1997.C. 53, Crime and Disorder Act 1998. C. 37 ( disorder (. ).
[13] . (. . .).
[14] Powers of Criminal Courts Act 1973. . 62; Magistrates Courts Act 1982 (27 Statutes 143);CrimmalJusticeAct 1982. C. 48; CriminalJustice Act 1991 (12 Statutes 1484); Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (12 Statutes 845; 17 Statutes 220); Police Act 1997. C. 50.
[15] Treason Act 1351 (12 Statutes 21).
[16] . . . ., 1980. . 136.
[17] , State Secretary, .. .
[18] Children and Young Persons Act 1969. . 54.
[19] Firearms Act (Amendment) 1992 (12 Statutes 1293).
[20] Theft Act 1968 (12 Statutes 501).
[21] Criminal Damage Act 1971 (12 Statutes 548).
[22] Criminal Law. Codification of the Criminal Law. A Report to the Law Commission. (Law Com. N 143), L, HMSO, 1985.
[23] Card, Cross and Jones, op. cit. P. 3.
[24] Ibid
[25] . . . - ., 1949. . 4.
[26] Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law. L, 1977, V. 1. P. 512.
[27] Card, Cross and Jones, op. cit. P. 1.
[28] Ibid.
[29] J.C. Smith and . Hogan. Criminal Law. - L, 1996.
[30] 1870. (33 & 34 Viet. . 23, s. 1) .
[31] . . . 2. -., 1972. . 18.
[32] , (Card, Cross and Jones, P. 31)
[33] . , 1972, . 37.
[34] , , , , 1872 . (. 12) , (Licensing Act 1872, 24 (Statutes) 290).
[35] Card. Cross and Jones Op. cit. P. 33
[36] Ibid. P. 34.
[37] R v Gibbins and Proctor [1918] 13CrApp Rep 134, CCA.
[38] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 37
[39] R v Stone and Dobinson [1977] QB 354, [1977] 2 All ER 341, CA.
[40] R v Moloney [1985] 1 All ER 1025, HL.
[41] J.C. Smith. Criminal Law. Cases and Materials. P. 73.
[42] (basic intention) (specific intention). , , , , .
[43] . . . 115.
[44] Metropolitan Police Comr v Caldwell [1982] AC 341, 1 All ER 961, HL.
[45] , , , .
[46] R v Cunningham [1981] 2 All ER 863 HL
[47] Malicious Damage Act 1861 (12 Statutes 80).
[48] J..Smith and B.Hogan. Op. cit.'P. 65.
[49] R v Lawrence [1981 ] 1 All ER 974.
[50] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 59.
[51] .
[52] . . 120
[53] , , , , 5% (Card, Cross and Jones. P. 73).
[54] Public nuisance - , , , , , , , ..
[55] RvJohnson[1996] 160JP605, .
[56] Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 (Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law., p. 615).
[57] , , , .
[58] Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (6 Statutes 18).
[59] (minor) v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43.
[60] Sexual Offences Act 1993 (12 Statutes 1560).
[61] . . . . 52.
[62] . . 57-58.
[63] R v Sullivan [ 1983] 2 All ER 673; R v Kemp [ 1957] 1 QB 399.
[64] Homicide Act 1957 (12 Statutes 277).
[65] R v Campbell [1997] Cnm LR 495.
[66] R v Byrne [1960] 3 All ER 1, CCA.
[67] RvLipman(1969)3AIIER410, CA; DPPvMajewski(1977)AC433, (1976) 2 All ER 142, HL.
[68] DPP v Beard [1920] 479, 89 LJKB 437, HL
[69] DPP v Majewski [1977] 433, [1976] 2 All ER 142, HL.
[70] Davis [1881] 14 563 (Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 617).
[71] A-G for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349.
[72] R v Hardie [1984] 3 All ER 848, [1985] WLR 64, .
[73] Interpretation Act 1978 (41 Statutes 213).
[74] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit., p.688 (Associated Octel Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 846, HL).
[75] Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974 (19 Statutes 796).
[76] Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd vPJ Graham & Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159.
[77] Yip Chui-cheung v R [1994] 2 All ER 924.
[78] Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 (35 Statutes 777).
[79] Dicey. Introduction to the Study of the law of the Constitution. 1959. P. 303.
[80] . ( . . . . ). - .: . - - , 1947. . 147.
[81] Terner J.W., Armitage A. LI. Cases on Criminal Law. Cambridge: University Press. 1953. P. 583.
[82] Clarck W,, Marshall W. A Treatise on the Law of Crimes. Mundelem, III. Callaghan & Co., 1967. P. 220.
[83] Elliott ./., Wood J. . A Casebook to Criminal Law. -L: Butterworth, 1978. P. 215.
[84] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 529.
[85] Police Act, 1964. . 45
[86] Hodsworth W. A History of English Law. - L: Methuen & Co., 1942. Vol. III. P. 401.
[87] . . - : . . , 1865. . 6.
[88] 1487 . . . , , 1641 . .
[89] Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 531.
[90] ElliottD.W., WoodJ.C. Op.cit. P. 285.
[91] R v Shaw (1961), CCA, Shaw v DPP (1962), HL
[92] RvMeyrick[1929]21 CrAppRep94.
[93] MavjivR [1957] AC 126, (19571 All ER 385, PC.
[94] Criminal Attempts Act 1981 (12 Statutes 788).
[95] CrimmalJustice Act 1987 (12 Statutes 1100).
[96] Hall J. General Principles of Criminal Law. 1960. P. 565
[97] Elliott D.W., WoodJ.C. Op. cit. P. 207.
[98] Slater J. . N. Cases and Statutes on Criminal Law. -L: Sweet and Maxwell, 1973. P. 51.
[99] ElliottD.W., Wood J.. Op. cit. P. 216.
[100] Slater J.C.N. Op. cit. P. 52.
[101] R v White [1908-10] All ER 340, CCA.
[102] . . . . . 92.
[103] Anon [1665] Kel 53 (Card, Cross and Jones. Op. cit. P. 657).
[104] R v Stinger (1991) 94 CrApp Rep 13 CA.
[105] . , , , .
[106] R v Belts and Ridley [1930] 22 Cr App R 148 (. : . . . . . 94).
[107] . . . . . 95.
[108] Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 (12 Statutes 79).
[109] Dunnington [1984] QB 472 {Smith & Hogan. Criminal Law. Cases and Materials. 1993. P. 379).
[110] Willams G Criminal Law. - L, 1961 P. 396.
[111] Card, Cross, Jones. Op. cit. P. 669 (Powell, English [1997] 4 All ER 545, HL).
[112] J.C. Smith and . Hogan. Op. cit. . 159 (Baker [1994] Grim LR 444, ).
[113] . Hart. Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment. 1960. P. 21 -22.
[114] H. Hart. Punishment and Responsibility. 1968. P. 4-5 (. : . , .. . . 1998).
[115] Treason Act 1351 (12 Statutes 13).
[116] Piracy Act 1837 (12 Statutes 64).
[117] Crime and Disorder Act 1998.C. 37.
[118] . . IV. - ., 1975. . 15.
[119] R v Fairbairn [1980], 2 Cr. App R. (S) 315.
[120] Prevention of Crimes Act, 1908, 8 Edw. 7. . 59.
[121] - 16 21 . , . , 1902 .
[122] .., .. . -.,1990. . 10.
[123] . .: , B.C., .. . . . 18.
[124] .: .. // . - .,1999. . 18.
[125] 1951 ., 1953 . , . , , , .
[126] .. // . - ., 1969.
[127] . . 1. . - ., 1971. . 93.
[128] The American law institute. Model Penal Code. Proposed official draft. Phil. 1962. P.123.
[129] Lbid. P. 241
[130] .. , .. , .. , .. .: (). - ., 1969.
[131] Packer H. Mens rea and the Supreme Court // The Supreme Court Review, 1962. P. 107,109.
[132] Symposium: the 25th anniversary of the Model Penal Code // Rutgers Law Journal. V. 19. 1988. 3. P. 887.
[133] Ibid. P. 520.
[134] Ibid
[135] , - , . .. // . 1993. 9. . 142-151.
[136] .. 35- - // . 1998. 12. . 82.
[137] .: .. - // . - ., 1993. . 76-91.
[138] .. : . - ., 1993. . 177.
[139] .: , , , , . . - ., 1991. . 132.
[140] .: .. - . . 84.
[141] . . - ., 1976. . 32.
[142] : . / . .. .. . - ., 1990. . 47.
[143] . . 55.
[144] .. . . . 169, 171.
[145] .: .. . - ., 1979. . 85.
[146] 1997 . 104 . . .: Federal Criminal Code and Rules. - St. Paul (Minn),1997. P. 971-972.
[147] 15-109 .
[148] . . - ., 1972. . 7.
[149] Law and disorder: Criminal justice in America (ed. By Bruce Jackson. University of Illinois press., 1984. P.11).
[150] Sigler Jay A. Understanding criminal law(Boston, Mass.), 1981. P. 14.
[151] Packer H. The limits of criminal sanction. - Stanford (Cal), 1968. P. 18.
[152] People v. McAdams, 299 N.Y.S. 603 (1937)) . : Bassioni M. Cherif Substantive criminal law. Springfield, 1978. P. 75.
[153] Hasnell M. and YablonskyL Crime and delinquency. -Chicago, 1970. P. 5.
[154] Perkins R. Criminal law. - N.Y., 1969. P. 9.
[155] Clark W. and Marshall W. A treatise on the law of crime. 7-th ed. - Illinois, 1967. P. 89.
[156] Sigler Jay A. Op. cit. P. 33-34.
[157] , , , , ( ) . , . .: / . .. . - .,1999.
[158] 1102 I , II - .
[159] 180 2 ( 12.35).
[160] .
[161] . . . . . - .,1976. .13.
[162] Crime and punishment in America. N.Y. Ed. By Judith Buncher. - N.Y., 1978. P. 7.
[163] .1989.15 ; . 1992. 28 .
[164] . . . 134. . -.,1977. . 21-22.
[165] . 1984. 31 .
[166] , , (.5 .1.13) - (.4 15.00) - .
[167] , , , . , (26-201) , . . 401 .1 18 . .: .. - . // . - .,1993. . 76.
[168] .: Bassionni M. Cherif. Op. cit. P. 161.
[169] , (. 10, . 1.13).
[170] : .. . - .,1977. . 98.
[171] . 2901.21 .
[172] BassionniM. Cherif. Op. cit. P. 168.
[173] .: .. . // , 2000. 1. . 136.
[174] Robinson Paul. Criminal law. - N.Y. Aspen & Business, 1997. P. 169.
[175] B.C. .. .-., 1990. . 45.
[176] Robinson P. Criminal law. N.Y., 1997. .141.
[177] . . - ., 1972. .113.
[178] , , , , .. -, 80 , , , . .: .. . - ., 1979. . 57.
[179] United States V. Freed, 401 US. 601, 613.915 Ct.1112,1120 (1971).
[180] Thomas Ch.W. and Bishop D.M. Criminal law. Understanding basic principles. Sage
publications,1987. P. 51.
[181] (). - .,1969. .14.
[182] Smith V. State, 20 So, 2d 701 (Miss. 1945).
[183] . : . .2. . - .,1972. . 119-120.
[184] .. . -.,1977. .101.
[185] .., .. . - .,1990. . 47-48.
[186] Peck V.Dunn, 574 P.2d 367 (Utah 1978).
[187] SiglerJayA. Understanding criminal law. - Boston, 1981. P. 57.
[188] : - , , , .. , (O'Connor V. United States, App. D.C., 399 A. 2d 21(1979).
[189] - . , , , , ( ) . .: .. ( ). - .,1976. . 6 17.
[190] .
[191] Bassionni M. Cherif. Substantive criminal law. - Springfield, 1978. P.177-181.
[192] Ibid.
[193] Thomas Ch W. and Bishop D.M. Op. cit. P. 51-52; Bassionni M. Cherif. Op. cit. P. 183-184; State V. Jamison, 577 p. 2d 1241,110 Ariz. 245(1974); State V. Cooper, 180, Mont. 68(1979).
[194] (). - .,1969. . 15.
[195] , 14- , ( 26).
[196] .: / . .. . - .,1999. .108-109.
[197] People V. Wolff, 61 Cal. 2d 795,40 Cal, Rptr. 271,394 P. 2d 959 (1964).
[198] Samaha J. Criminal law. West publishing Co., Minn. St. Paul, 1993, p. 295-298. . , .
[199] . , .
[200] People V. Munoz, 22 Misc. 2d 1078, 200 N.Y. S. 2d 957 (1960).
[201] 10- (),15- ( ) 16- (, ).
[202] , , , -.
[203] , , (La Fave W., Scott A. Criminal law. West publishing Co., St. Paul Minn., 1991 (1998), p. 400).
[204] Robinson P. Criminal law. - N.Y., 1997. P. 516.
[205] LaFave W., Scott A. Op. cit. P. 308.
[206] , , ratio decidendi, , .. . , , , . .: . . 2. - ., 1972. . 128.
[207] Johnson Ph. Criminal law. Cases, materials and text on the substantive criminal law in its procedural context. - St. Paul, Minn., 1980. P. 539.
[208] Dressier J. Understanding Criminal Law. Mattew Bender. - N.Y., 1994. P. 300
[209] Card, Cross and Jones. Criminal law. - L, 1995. P. 142-143.
[210] Rivera V. Delaware (1976) 429 U.S. 877,97 S. Ct. 226,50 L.Ed. 2d. 160.
[211] FergusonR.W. Readings on concepts of criminal law. St. Paul (Minn). 1975.P.543.
[212] Durham V. United States, 214 F.2d 862 (D.C.Cir. 1954).
[213] Johnson Ph. Op.cit. P. 554-555.
[214] McDonald V. United States, 312 F. 2 d 847 (D.C. Cir. 1962).
[215] , , , , , () (People V. Nance (1972) 25Cal. App. 3d 925, 929, 102 Cal. Rptr. 266.
[216] SiglerJay. Understanding criminal law. - Boston, 1981. P. 244.
[217] . . (United States V. Hinckley, 525 F. Supp. 1342(D.D.C. 1981); 672 F. 2d 115 (1982). , , , , , .
[218] Samaha J. Op. cit. P. 311.
[219] , : Gurganus V.State, 451 So.2d 817 (Fla. 1984), - : Laney V.State, 421 So. 2d 1216 (Mliss. 1982).
[220] , 314 , 2901.01 ( 14) , . 20: 4-1 - . 14-14 .
[221] . . . 118.
[222] : , .
[223] SamahaJ. Op. cit. P. 302.
[224] New York Cent. &H.R.R. V. United States 212 U.S. 481,29 S.Ct. 304,53 L. Ed. 613 (1909).
[225] United States V. Thotnpson-Powel Drilling Co.,196 F. Supp571 (N.DTex. 1961).
[226] LaFave W.. Scott O. Op. Cit. P. 260. , .: .- // . 2000. 1.
[227] , .
[228] Mueller G. Mens rea and the corporation: A study of the Model penal code position
on corporate criminal liability// 19 U.Pitt. Law Review 21, 23 (1957).
[229] - - , - .
[230] Dix G. Criminal law. - Chicago, 1997. P. 63
[231] State V. Christy Pontiac-GMC, Inc., 354 N.W. 2d 17,18-20 (Minn.1984).
[232] , (. 3 307) (.1, 2 562.056).
[233] , : United States V. Koppers Co., 652 F. 2d 290 (2d Cir.1981).
[234] Corporate Culpability under Federal Sentensing Guidelines // 34 Ariz. Law Review, 743(1992).
[235] . : - . 6 () . 2.07.
[236] B.C., .. . - ., 1990. . 54-55.
[237] DixG. Op. cit. P. 62; Perkins R. and Boyce R.Criminal law and procedure. Cases and materials, St. Paul, 1989. P. 37.
[238] , , (. IV) .
[239] Samaha J. Criminal law. - West publishing Co.,Minn.,Paul,1993. P. IX-X.
[240] , . , (Dressier J. Underst