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Bondestam S, Alitalo I, Kurkkainen M: Real-time ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 24:145, 1983. Reports on the use of ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis in eight bitches as a safe, rapid and easy method of investigation.

Concannon PW, Gimpel T, Newton L, et al: Postimplantation increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration with increase in relaxin concentration in pregnant dogs. Am J Vet Res 57:1382, 1996. Reports the nearly simultaneous increases in fibrinogen and relaxin beginning between days 26 and 30 in 24 Beagle dogs and the potential to use fibrinogen assay as a pregnancy test between days 30 and 50.

Concannon P, Rendano V: Radiographic diagnosis of canine pregnancy: Onset of fetal skeletal opacity in relation to times of breeding, preovu-latory luteinizing hormone release, and parturition. Am J Vet Res 44:1506, 1983. Reports on a radiographic study for pregnancy diagnosis in 6 pregnant Beagle bitches providing basic information for timing and evaluating radiographs during the last trimester of canine pregnancy.

Eckersall PD, Harvey MJA, Ferguson JM, et al: Acute phase proteins in canine pregnancy (Canis familiaris). J Reprod Fertil Suppl 47:159,1993. Reports on the development and use of an homologous canine C-reactive protein radioimmunoassay and its application to pregnancy testing in dogs, including large increases in 7 dogs during mid-gestation and again after parturition in 3 of the dogs.

England GCW, Allen WE, Porter DJ, et al: Studies on canine pregnancy using B-mode ultrasound: Development of the conceptus and determination of gestational age. J Small Anim Pract 31:324, 1990. Reports on events of pregnancy development (biparietal diameter and trunk diameter) to characterize growth of the concep tus and gestational age in 50 Labrador retrievers, Golden Retrievers and their crosses.

Giinzel-Apel A-R, Hayer M, Mischke R, et al: Dynamics of haemosta-sis during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 51:185, 1997. Reports on increases in fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation products, and platelet number at days 30 and 60 of pregnancy in dogs.

Okkens AC, Dieleman SJ, Kooistra HS, et al: Plasma concentrations of prolactin in overtly pseudopregnant Afghan hounds and the


effect of metergoline. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 51:295,1997. Reports on the high plasma concentrations of prolactin and its association with the development and maintenance of pseudopregnancy and the use of metergoline, a serotonin antagonist, to decrease the clinical signs of pseudopregnancy.

Steinetz BG, Goldsmith LT, Harvey HJ, et al: Serum relaxin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant, pseudopregnant, and ovariecto-mized, progestin treated pregnant bitches: Detection of relaxin as a marker of pregnancy. Am J Vet Res 50:68,1989. In this report it is proposed that in bitches both the ovary and placenta secrete relaxin during pregnancy based on hormone sampling of 18 Labrador retrievers.

Thatcher M-J, Shille VM, Buhi WC, et al: Canine conceptus appearance and de novo protein synthesis in relation to the time of implantation. Theriogenology 41:1679, 1994. Report on secretory proteins: canine protein 1 (cPl), cP2, cP4, and cP6 synthesized by the endometrium and de novo by the conceptus. Canine conceptus protein 7 was found to be secreted prior to implantation, only by the blastocyst.

Verstegen JP, Silva LDM, Onclin K, et al: Echocardiographic study of heart rate in dog and cat fetuses in utero. J Reprod Fertil 47:175, 1993. Reports on the heart rates of dog fetuses in utero in 15 bitches monitored from day 19 using real-time B- and M-mode ultra-sonography.

Whitney LF: The diagnosis of pregnancy in the bitch by palpation. Vet Med 31:216, 1936. Descriptive and diagrammatic report of cumulative data on palpation findings from about 20 days after fertilization in different breeds of dogs.

Yeager AE, Concannon PW: Association between the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge and the early ultrasonographic detection of pregnancy and fetal heart beats in Beagle dogs. Theriogenology 34:655, 1990. Report on the size of the gesta tional sac and embryonic mass, and the embryonic heart beat examined by ultrasound from day 16 to 25 of pregnancy in 15 Beagle bitches.

Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, Meyers-Wallen V, et al: Ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus, placenta, fetus, and fetal membranes throughout accurately timed pregnancy in Beagles. Am J Vet Res 53:342, 1992. Reports on the serial ultrasonographic examinations performed on 8 Beagle bitches from 20 to 60 days pregnant to determine time of first detection, appearance and sizes of selected features (gestational sac, uterine wall, embryo position, fetal membranes, embryo and fetal characteristics, and relative size and relationships) of pregnancy.

 



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Bullesbach , Schwabe : Total synthesis of human relaxin and human relaxin derivatives by solid-phase peptide synthesis and site-directed chain combination. J Biol Chem 266:10754, 1991. First practical synthesis of relaxin molecule.

Goldsmith LT, Lust G, Steinetz BG: Transmission of relaxin from lac-tating bitches to their offspring via suckling. Biol Reprod 50:258, 1994. Shows presence of relaxin in serum and milk of lactating bitches and transmission of relaxin to suckling pups.

Hoist PA, Phemister RD: The prenatal development of the dog: Preimplantation events. Biol Reprod 5:194, 1971. Establishes the time of implantation of fertilized eggs in bitches.

Rodbard D: Statistical quality control and routine data processing for radioimmunoassays and immunoradiometric assays. Clin Chem 20:1255,1974. Classic paper on data analysis for radioimmunoassays.

Sherwood OD: Relaxin. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, eds: The Physiology of Reproduction, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1994, p 861. Contains excellent review of methods for extraction and purification of relaxin, including yields to be expected.

Steinetz BG, Btillesbach , Goldsmith LT, et al: Use of synthetic canine relaxin to develop a rapid homologous radioimmunoassay. Biol Reprod 54:1252,1996. Describes and validates the homologous canine relaxin radioimmunoassay.

Steinetz BG, Goldsmith LT, Harvey HJ, et al: Serum relaxin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant, pseudopregnant, and ovariectomized, progestin-treated pregnant bitches: Detection of relaxin as a marker of pregnancy. Am J Vet Res 50:68, 1989. Establishes sources of secretion of relaxin in pregnant bitches.

Steinetz BG, Goldsmith L, Hasan S, et al: Diurnal variation of serum progesterone, but not relaxin, prolactin, or estradiol-17p in the pregnant bitch. Endocrinology 127:1057,1990. Shows that the pla centa is the primary source of relaxin during pregnancy in bitches.

Steinetz BG, Goldsmith LT, Lust G: Plasma relaxin levels in pregnant and lactating dogs. Biol Reprod 37:719,1987. Relaxin is present in the serum of pregnant, but not pseudopregnant, bitches.

 



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