3. When hanging freely, the needle will point north and south in the magnetic meridian. , . ( , ).
4. The substance being investigated is first weighed. .
5. The equipment needed for the experiment was carefully checked. , ( ) , .
6. Because of the gradual change, when heated, glass has no defi nite melting temperature. - , , .
7. Considered from this point of view the question will be of great interest. ( ), . ( , ).
8. The device referred to is a gyroscope. , - .
9. The property possessed by these materials is known, as resis tance. , , .
10. Having lost some of its electrons the atom has a positive charge. ( , ), .
11. Having been heated for several hours the substance began to melt. , , .
Absolute Participle Construction
( )
, . , , , , .
1. The temperature being raised, the kinetic energy increased. , .
2. The unit of power is the watt, one watt being the product of one volt by one ampere. - , ( ) - .
THE INFINITIVE ()
, .
to, . .
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | to ask | to be asked |
| Continuous | to be asking | - |
| Perfect | to have asked | to have been asked |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been asking | - |
:
1.
2.
3. (., ., . , , )
:
To explain the motion of planets is not very easy. - () .
|
|
|
:
Newton came to Cambridge to continue his education. - , .
get good results Newton had to carry out a lot of experiments. , .
:
The task of the Russian engineers is to use solar energy for peaceful purposes. - , .
:
The scientist was to read a paper at the conference. - .
Complex Subject
( )
| |
| |
| |
| |
:
| 1. - - , -, -. | to say, to report, to announce, to know, to believe, to think, to find, to hear, to see, to consider, to expect, to suppose, to make, to let | His theory is believed to be correct. - , . |
| 2. - -: | to happen, to seem, to appear, to prove, to chance, to turn out | The weather seems to be changing. , . |
| 3. - : | to be likely, unlikely, sure, certain | She is sure to come. , , . |
Complex Object ( )
.
:
| 1. - ( to) | To see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to perceive, to notice, to observe | I saw him cross the street. , . |
| 2. , , | To want, to wish, to like, to intend, to hate, to desire, | He wants me to come on Sunday. , . |
| 3. - | To know, to believe, to think, to consider, to expect | We believe him to finish the work in two days.- , . |
| 4. | To tell, to ask, to order, to command, to allow | The captain ordered the sailors to load the cases. - . |
| 5. , - ( to) | To let, to make, to have, to get(to) | She made him drink some milk. - . |
THE GERUND ()
, , .
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | mixing () | being mixed ( (-)) |
| Perfect | having mixed ( (- )) | having been mixed ( (-, - )) |
|
|
|
:
1. ( ).
2. .
3. .
4. .
1. : Learning rules without examples is useless. .
2. : His suit needs brushing.
3. : Her hobby is driving. Ÿ .
4. : It s a new and interesting way of working.
5.: After leaving her coat in hall she entered the room. , .
Modal Verbs and their equivalents ( )
| Present | Past | Future | |
| can | could | Shall/will be able to | |
| I can skate. . | I could skate when I was 6 years old. . | I will be able to skate. . | |
| May | was/were allowed | shall/will be allowed | |
| You may go home. . | I was allowed to go home. . | You will be allowed to go home. . | |
| Must | - | - | |
| , | I must do it now. - . | ||
| Have to, has to | had to | Shall/will have to | |
| I have to wear a uniform. . | I had to go there. . | You will have to go there.- . |
Conditionals ( )
| 1. Conditional I ( , ) If he works hard, - , If he worked hard, - , | he will enter the university. . he earned much. . |
| 2. Conditional II ( , ) If he worked hard, - , If he were ( was ) famous, - , | would earn much more (could enter the university). ( ). he would travel the world. . |
| 3. Conditional III ( ) If he had worked hard (then), - , | he would have entered the university last year. . |
Indirect Speech ( )
( ) , :
) :
| study, studies; am, is, are | studied; was, were |
| studied; was, were | had studied |
| will study | would study |
| am, is, are studying | was, were studying |
| was, were studying | had been studying |
| will be studying | would |
| have, has studied | had studied |
| had studied | had studied |
| will have studied | would |
| have, has been studying | had been studying |
| had been studying | had been studying |
| will have been studying | would |
) :
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day |
| now | then |
| at the moment | at that moment |
| this week, year | that week, year |
| last week, year | the week, year before |
| next week, year | the next week, year, the following week, year |
| two days (years) ago | two days(years) before |
1. He said: I have been studying at this institute for three years. ( )
2. He said that he had been studying at that institute for three years. ( )
|
|
|
1.
British:
1 cubic yard (cu. yd) = 27 cubic feet; 1 cubic foot (cu. ft) = 1,728 cubic inches (cu. in.); 1 gallon (gal.) = 4 quarts; 1 quart (qt.) = 2 pints (pt.); 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces (U. S.) = 20 fluid ounces (Brit.).
Metric:
1 cubic metre (m3) = 1,000,000 cubic centimetres (cm3);
1 cubic centimetre = 1,000 cubic millimetres (mm3);
1 hectolitre (hi) = 100 litres (1) = 100,000 cubic centimetres;
1 litre = 1,000 cubic centimetres
| Metric equivalents of British cubic measures | British equivalents of metric cubic measures | Metric equivalents of British cubic measures | British equivalents of metric cubic measures |
| 1 cu. yd . | = 0.76453 m3 | 1m3 | = 1.308cu. yd |
| 1 cu ft . | = 0.02832 m3 | 1m3 | = 34.314 cu. ft |
| 1 cu. ft | = 28.3171 | 1L | = 0.0353 cu. ft |
| 1 cu. In. | = 16.38716 cm3 | 1L | = 0.2200 gal. (Brit.) |
| 1 gal. (Brit.) | = 4.5461 | 1L | = 0.2642 gal. (U.S.) |
| 1 gal. (U.S.) | = 3.7851 | 1L | = 1.7598 pt. (Brit.), liquid |
| 1 qt. (Brit.), liquid | = 1.13651 | 1L | = 2.1134 pt. (U.S.), liquid |
| 1 qt. (U.S.), liquid | = 0.9463 1 | 1 cm3 | = 61.0 cu. in. |
| 1 pt. (Brit.), liquid | = 0.5682 1 | 1mm3 | = 0.061 cu. in. |
| gal [gallon] | cu [cubic] |
| qt [quart] | in [inch] |
| pt [pint] | ft [foot] |
| L [litre] | oz-ounce |
| liquid | fluid |
Conversion Table. Conversion of. cu. ft into m3 and vice versa
. . 3
| cu. ft | m3 | cu. ft | m3 | m3 | cu. ft | m3 | cu.ft |
| 0.1 | 0.003 | 6.0 | 0.170 | 0.1 | 3.53 | 6.0 | 211.89 |
| 0.5 | 0.014 | 7.0 | 0.198 | 0.5 | 17.66 | 7.0 | 247.20 |
| 1.0 | 0.028 | 8.0 | 0.227 | 1.0 | 35.31 | 8.0 | 282.52 |
| 2.0 | 0.057 | 9.0 | 0.255 | 2.0 | 70.63 | 9.0 | 317.83 |
| 3.0 | 0.085 | 10.0 | 0.283 | 3.0 | 105.94 | 10.0 | 353.14 |
| 4.0 | 0,113 | 100.0 | 2.832 | 4.0 | 141.26 | 100.0 | 3,531.44 |
| 5.0 | 0.142 | 1,000.0 | 28.317 | 5.0 | 176.57 | 1,000.0 | 35,314.45 |
Conversion Table.Conversion of cu. ft into L and vice versa
. . . 
| cu. ft | 1 | cu.ft | 1 | 1 | cu.ft | 1 | cu.ft |
| 0.01 | 0.28 | 5.0 | 141.58 | 0.1 | 0.004 | 7.0 | 0,247 |
| 0.05 | 1.42 | 6.0 | 169.90 | 0.5 | 0.018 | 8.0 | 0.283 |
| 0.1 | 2.83 | 7.0 | 198.21 | 1.0 | 0.035 | 9.0 | 0,318 |
| 0.5 | 14.16 | 8.0 | 226.53 | 2.0 | 0.071 | 10.0 | 0.353 |
| 1.0 | 28.32 | 9.0 | 254.85 | 3.0 | 0.106 | 100.0 | 3.532 |
| 2.0 | 56.63 | 10.0 | 283.16 | 4.0 | 0.141 | 1,000.0 | 35,315 |
| 3.0 | 84.95 | 100.0 | 2,831.62 | 5.0 | 0.177 | 10,000.0 | 353.151 |
| 4.0 | 113.26 | 1,000.0 | 28,316.22 | 6.0 | 0.212 |
Conversion Table.Conversion of cu. in into cm3 and vice versa
. . 3
| cu. in | cm3 | cu. in | cm3 | cm3 | cu. in | cm3 | cu. in |
| 0.01 | 0.16 | 5.0 | 81.94 | 0.1 | 0.006 | 7.0 | 0.427 |
| 0.05 | 0.82 | 6.0 | 98.32 | 0.5 | 0.031 | 8.0 | 0.488 |
| 0.1 | 1.64 | 7.0 | 114.71 | 1.0 | 0.061 | 9.0 | 0.549 |
| 0.5 | 8.19 | 8.0 | 131.10 | 2.0 | 0.122 | 10.0 | 0.610 |
| 1.0 | 16.39 | 9.0 | 147.48 | 3.0 | 0.183 | 100.0 | 6.102 |
| 2.0 | 32.77 | 10.0 | 163.87 | 4.0 | 0.244 | 1,000.0 | 61.023 |
| 3.0 | 49.16 | 100.0 | 1,638.72 | 5.0 | 0.305 | 10,000.0 | 610.234 |
| 4.0 | 65.55 | 1,000.0 | 16,387.16 | 6.0 | 0.366 |
Weights (Avoirdupois)
British:
1 long ton (tn. 1.) =2,240 pounds =20 hundredweight (cwt);
1 short ton (tn. sh.) =2,000 pounds ;
1 hundredweight (cwt.) =112 pounds ;
1 pound (lb.) =16 ounces (oz.) ;
1 ounce =437.5 grains Troy ( ).
Metric:
1 metric ton (t)=10 decitons (dt)
1 deciton=100 kilograms (kg)
|
|
|
1 kilogram=1000 grams (g)
| long ton | ounce (oz) |
| pound | grain |
| short | troy |
| hundredweight (cwt) |
Conversion Table.Conversion of lb. into kg and vice versa
| lb. | kg | lb. | kg | kg | lb. | kg | lb. |
| 0.1 | 0.05 | 7.0 | 3.18 | 0.1 | 0.22 | 7.0 | 15.43 |
| 0.5 | 0.23 | 8.0 | 3.63 | 0.5 | 1.10 | 8.0 | 17.64 |
| 1.0 | 0.45 | 9.0 | 4.08 | 1.0 | 2.20 | 9.0 | 19.84 |
| 2.0 | 0.91 | 10.0 | 4.54 | 2.0 | 4.41 | 10.0 | 22.05 |
| 3.0 | 1.36 | 100.0 | 45.36 | 3.0 | 6.61 | 100.0 | 220.46 |
| 4.0 | 1.81 | 1,000.0 | 435.59 | 4.0 | 8.82 | 1,000.0 | 2,204.6 |
| 5.0 | 2.27 | 10,000.0 | 4,535.92 | 5.0 | 11.02 | 10,000.0 | 22,04.6.2 |
| 6.0 | 2.72 | 6.0 | 13.23 |
Conversion Table.Conversion of oz. into g and vice versa
| oz. | g | oz. | g | g | oz. | g | oz. |
| 0.01 | 0.28 | 5.0 | 141.75 | 0.02 | 0,001 | 5.0 | 0.176 |
| 0.05 | 1.42 | 6.0 | 170.10 | 0.05 | 0,002 | 6.0 | 0.212 |
| 0.1 | 2.84 | 7.0 | 198.45 | 0.1 | 0.004 | 7.0 | 0.247 |
| 0.5 | 14.17 | 8.0 | 226.80 | 0.5 | 0.018 | 8.0 | 0.282 |
| 1.0 | 28.35 | 9.0 | 255.15 | 1.0 | 0.035 | 9.0 | 0.317 |
| 2.0 | 56.70 | 10.0 | 283.50 | 2.0 | 0.071 | 10.0 | 0.353 |
| 3.0 | 85.05 | 100.0 | 2,834.95 | 3.0 | 0.106 | 100.0 | 3.527 |
| 4.0 | 113.40 | 4.0 | 0.141 |
lb [pound]
oz [ounce]
Metric equivalent of British weights and vice versa.
| Metric equivalent of British weights | British equivalent of metric weights |
| 1 tn. long. = 1.016t =1,016. 064 kg | It = 0.9842 tn. 1. |
| 1 tn. short. = 0.9072 t =907.2 kg | 1 dt = 0.09842 tn. 1. |
| 1 cwt. (long) = 50.8023 kg | 1 kg= 2.2046 lb. = 35.274 oz. |
| 1 lb. = 0.4536 kg | 1 g = 0.03527oz. = 15.432 grains |
| 1 oz. = 28.35 g | |
| 1 grain = 0.0648 g |
Power and work
British:
1 horsepower (h. p.) = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute
(ft-lb./min) = 550 foot-pounds per second (ft-lb./sec);
1 British Thermal Unit (B. Th. U.) = 778 foot-pounds (ft-lb.);
1 horsepower-hour (h. p.-hr.) = 1,980,000 foot-pounds =
2,545 B. Th.
Metric:
1 metric horsepower (PS) = 75 kilogram-metres/second = 75 kgm/s;
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts (W) = 102 kgm/s 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3,600,000 watt-seconds (W/s).
Relationship between various units:
1 h. p. = 746 W = 0.746 kW = 1.014 PS;
1 h. p. = 76.065 kgm/s Ih. p. nr. = 0.746 kVh;
1 B. Th. U. = 0.000292 kWh = 0.252 kcal;
1 ft.lb. = 0.1383 kgm;
l kgm= 7.231 ft-lb.;
1 kcal = 3.968 B. Th. U.;
1 kW =1.34 h. p. = 44,220 ft-lb./min = 3,415 B. Th. U. per hour;
1 W = 0.00134 h. p. = 44.22 ft-lb./min = 3.42 B. Th. U. per hour.
Temperatures
Temperatures are expressed in degrees of temperature scales. There are scales based on the following different units:
Celsius or Centigrade (C., C) ;
Fahrenheit (F., F) ;
Reaumur (R.,R) ;
Kelvin (K.,K) ;
Relationship: 100 C = 212 F = 80 R = 373 K.
