: , , , .
, and, or, but, , , , .
, .
, , , . :
They used a separator. The engineers spoke about using a new separator.
. , :
A new efficient churn has already been installed, , ( / , ): The churn installed in this shop was designed by our engineers.
, :
 
,
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, . :
The plant takes the carbon and oxygen from the air.
, , : Ascorbic acid known as vitamin is the least stable of all the vitamins. - , , . Usually the plant stores the carbohydrates as insoluble starch in the form of tiny grains or granules ( , ).
, .
1. :
) :
Vitamins are essential for good nutrition;
) , :
We asked them about their dairy plant. It is the largest enterprise in the district;
) it :
It is interesting to hear about this method. - ;
It is the method I spoke to you about. - , ;
) :
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These are the machines developed by our engineers. - , ;
) - one ( ):
One can expect this method to be efficient. - , ;
) :
pasteurize milk means to suppress the activity of the lipase enzyme and the growth of bacteria. - ;
) :
Stirring the curd gently facilitates the whey drainage. - ;
) :
Whether refrigeration or freezing should be used depends upon the period of storage. - - ;
Why they chose this particular technique is to be explained. - , .
) ( ) ( ):
Milk is known to contain all nutrients necessary for maintaining life and for growth of the body. - , , .
2.
, .
, :
Vitamin A occurs in animal food. - .
A substitute for butter has been manufactured from wholesome products. - .
Vitamins are required in small amounts. - .
:
) , to start, to begin, to continue, to stop ., , , :
After that they began to experiment (=began experimenting). - .
This method of roller-drying continues to be used at some plants. - ;
) can, may, might, must, have to, should, be to (to be able to, to be allowed to) ( , ):
Homogenization may cause poor separation of fat from homogenized milk. - .
Cheese could have been produced quite by accident. - , , ;
) ( ) . .
:
- , , , , , (to know, to think, to mean, to believe, to consider, to expect, to say, to report, to announce, to suppose ..):
The tribes which lived on the Iranian plateau some 5,000 years ago are known to have kept domestic cattle. - , , 5000 , .
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(to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen, to chance):
The composition of milk has proved to be a fruitful field for study. - C ;
- , , , , (to order, to cause, to make, to allow, to permit, to let):
The fat globules are allowed to rise to surface of milk forming a layer of cream. - , ;
- to be sure, to be certain, to be likely (unlikely) :
This method is sure to gain popularity with ice cream manufactures. .
- (to be, to become, to remain) , :
- ( is an engineer. - );
- (These results are of great importance. - );
- (This method became popular. - )
- (The sum was ninety-eight. - );
- ( pasteurize the product is to heat it to the temperature that kills the pathogenic bacteria. - - , );
- (The aim of the experiments was determining the temperature of lipid decomposition. - );
- (The problem to be considered is how the by-products of the dairy industry can be utilized for human consumption. - , , , ).
3. :
) :
Acid in food hastens the destruction of microorganisms. - .
The processing of food by high temperature results in its pasteurization. - ;
) ( ):
Foods may be preserved by making them unsuitable for spoilage agents. - , ;
) ( ):
Fermentation did not prevent man from taking practical advantages of the resulting product. - , ;
) :
Housewives prefer to buy precooked foods. - ;
) ( ), ( to ), . , (to hear, to see, to observe, to watch), (to wish, to desire), , (to think, to believe, to consider, to suppose, to expect, to assume), (to permit, to allow, to cause, to make, to force).
We expect the product to be popular. - , ;
) ( ):
The operator couldn't understand for a long time why the conveyer had stopped. - , .
It is believed butter was made and used as much as 5000 years ago. - , 5000 .
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4. - . (-, , ), -, . :
) :
Chemical preservatives have been used since ancient times, salt being most popular. - , ;
) :
Milk is recognized as nature's most nearly perfect food. - ;
) :
Drying was perhaps one of the first methods of food preservation. - , , ;
) ( ) :
Then milk passes through the forced circulation thermo-compression evaporator. - - ;
) I (, ):
The developing bacteria use food constituents for their nourishment needs. - ;
) II:
The improved containers make possible the production of immense quantities of canned foods. - .
, , :
) :
This article is on page 5. - 5;
) :
Acid in food hastens the destruction of microorganisms. - ;
) :
Bacteria are usually destroyed by pasteurization but some forms of them remain. - , ;
) ( ):
Foods are often complex substances capable of meeting different body needs. - , ;
) ( ):
Many of these substances, such as the vitamins and minerals, play a key role in nutrition. - , , ;
) for + ( ) + :
This is the instruction for the operators to study. - , ;
) I ():
The apparatus churning butter is called a churn. - , , ;
) I ():
The milk being cooled is transferred to the filling device. - ;
) II:
Cheeses are classified as to the kind of coagulation method employed. ;
) II:
Of all the manipulations involved in the cheese manufacture the proper separation of the curd is one of the most important. , , ;
) II + :
The milk plant reported to have been modernized has been incorporated by the firm. - , , , , ;
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) ( ):
The butter to be packed is worked just before it enters the packing machine. - , , , .
This is the milk to be used for ice cream mixture. - , ;
) ( ) :
Refrigeration is widely used as a means of preserving perishable foods. - ;
) ( ):
The contribution that a food makes to the body depends upon its constituents and the ability of the body to utilize them. - , , .
The importance of vitamins is indicated by the part vitamins have played and continue to play in our life. - , .
.
| ) - ) ) ) ) ) I (), ; ) II, () | ( ) | ) ) - ) ) ) I ( ) I; ) II ( ) II; ) + ( ) ( ) |
5. :
) :
Before condensing the milk is usually homogenized. - ;
) :
In the tanks the milk is held for several hours. - ;
) I I:
Retarding the growth of microorganisms refrigeration furnishes conditions for food preservation. - , ;
) when (if) + II ( II):
Frozen foods when held at proper temperatures undergo changes slowly. - , , .
Foods are substances that supply nutrients to the body when eaten. - - , , ;
) when (if) + :
Milk products keep better when cold. - , ;
) . ; in order:
The term "food" is often used to refer to substances that form a part of the usual diet. - , .
In order to meet the body requirements in minerals foods must contain them in certain chemical compounds. - , ;
) + ( ):
Certain chemicals help to preserve food by retarding or preventing the growth of microorganisms. - , .
We can't make good ice cream, without knowing the properties of all the ingredients. - , .
Practically no milk products are produced now without being enriched. - ;
) . , , (when, as soon as, after, before, while, if, provided, unless, although, as, because, since .):
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When the milk has been concentrated to the required solids content it is fed to the roller driers. - , ;
) () :
The filtered hot air is diffused through the chamber, the milk being dried almost instantaneously. - , ;
) for + + :
For the reaction to occur the substances should be heated. - , .
THE VOICE ()
: (the Active Voice) (the Passive Voice).
, , : They tested the new device yesterday. .
, , . The new device was tested by them yesterday. .
to be Participle II . , , , .
, by: The article was translated by the students. .
- , with: The article was written with a pencil. .
, (.. ). .
We looked for Mike everywhere. Mike was looked for everywhere.
:
1. .
2. -, -.
3. - ( ).
-
| T E N S E | Indefinite (Simple) | Continuous to be+V-ing | Perfect to have+V3 | Perfect Continuous to have+been+V-ing |
| present | V,V-s Do, Does V? I write/ He writes / Usually, often, on Sundays, always, seldom, in summer, every day (week, month, year), in the morning, at night |  Am
Is V-ing
Are
I am writing. ()
Now, at present, at the moment, still
|  Have
V3
Has
I have written. .
Already, yet, ever, never, just, lately, recently, since
| Have
been +V-ing
Has
I have been writing. .
For, since, lately, all my life, all this week, these 3 years, hitherto
|
| past | V,V-ed Did V? I wrote. . Yesterday, the day before yesterday, last month, a week ago, 5 years ago, in 1985, when |  Was
V-ing
Were
I was writing. .
Yesterday evening, yesterday at 6 oclock, all the time, all day long, the whole evening, while, when
| Had V3 I had written. . By yesterday, by June, by 1985, yesterday by 3 oclock, before he came | Had been V-ing I had been writing. . For 2 hours when he came. |
| T E N S E | Indefinite (Simple) | Continuous to be+V-ing | Perfect to have+V3 | Perfect Continuous to have+been+V-ing |
| future | Shall/ will V He will write. . Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next summer (week, month), in a minute, in a year, in 2 days, in June | Shall/ will be V-ing He will be writing. . Tomorrow at 3 oclock | Shall/ will have V3 He will have written. . Tomorrow by 3 oclock, by tomorrow, by next summer, by 2010 | Shall/ will have been V-ing He will have been writing. ( 3 , ) |
-
| Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | |
| 
The device is tested. ().
| 
The device is being tested.
()
| 
The device has been tested.
.
|
| 
The device was tested.
()
| 
The device was being tested.
.
| 
The device had been tested.
.
|
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The device will be tested.
.
| 
The device will have been tested.
.
| |
THE PARTICIPLES ()
, ( ) .
: Participle I Participle II, , , . , , .
A shining star
The stars shining in the dark sky seem blue. , , .
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | mixing (, ) | being mixed (, ) |
| Perfect | having mixed () | having been mixed ( ) |
| Past Part. (Participle II) | mixed (, , ) |
1. A triode is a vacuum tube containing three electrodes. - , ( ) .
2. Being the cheapest of the metals, iron is widely used. , . ( , ).
