. .
E B . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . -
.
, (), , E . .
, (5.6) 5.1 " . . " E (7.7) 7.1 " . " B . E, B E B t .
E
B , .
q , .. q , q .
(5.17) 5.1 " . . " q i , : NE = ∫ E d S = q i / ε0,
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(S)
q i ,
q i , .. . (5.17) 5.1 " . . " q i t .
E B
E ′ B ′ K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) (. 9.1) OY K(x, y, z, t) v E B M (3.11) 3.0 " " :
E|| ′ = E||; B|| ′ = B||; E┴ ′ = ( E┴ + [ v, B ] )/[1-( v 2 /c2)]1/2; B┴ ′ = [ B┴ -([ v, E] )/c2]/[1-( v 2 /c2)]1/2, (9.1)
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E┴ ′, E┴ - (. 9.1) E ′, E , v , K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) OY K(x, y, z, t) ; B|| ′ = B|| - (. 9.2) B ′, B , v , K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) OY K(x, y, z, t) ; B┴ ′, B┴ - (. 9.2) B ′, B , v , K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) OY K(x, y, z, t) .
(. 9.1) E┴ ′,(. 9.2) B┴ ′ E ′, B ′ K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) , v , K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) OY K(x, y, z, t) , (9.1) (. 9.1) E┴,(.9.2) B┴ E, B K(x, y, z, t) , Δ E, Δ B . , K(x, y, z, t) (.9.1) E┴ , v , K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) OY K(x, y, z, t) , K(x, y, z, t)
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B┴ K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) , Δ E ┴ ′ (9.1) O′ Z′ .
, K(x, y, z, t) (.9.2) B┴ , v , K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) OY K(x, y, z, t) , K(x, y, z, t) E┴ K′(x′, y′, z′, t′) , Δ B ┴ ′ (9.1) O′ X′ .
.
, , .. ρ = 0, , .. j = 0 , , , , , t (5.87) 5.2 " . . ", D E , t (7.127) 7.2 " ", B H , : ∂ D/ ∂ t= ε0ε∂ E/ ∂ t;
∂ B/ ∂ t= μ0μ∂ H/ ∂ t. (9.2)
(9.2) (8.69), (8.77) 8.0 " . ", (9.2) : [ E] = - ∂ B /∂ t ↔ [ E] = - μ0μ∂ H/ ∂ t; [H] = (∂ D /∂ t) ↔ [H] = ε0ε∂ E/ ∂ t,(9.3) (8.77) 8.0 " . " [H] = j + (∂ D /∂ t) , , , .. j = 0.
2- (9.3), : [ [ E]] = - μ0μ [ ∂ H/ ∂ t ];
[[H]] = ε0ε [ ∂ E/ ∂ t ]. (9.4) .. (7.117) 7.2 " " , (9.4) t , .. ∂ / ∂ t 2- (9.4) , (9.4) : [ [ E]] = - μ0μ(∂ / ∂ t) [ H];
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[[H]] = ε0ε(∂ / ∂ t) [ E]. (9.5) (9.5) , (9.3) t , (9.5) : ( E ) - E () = - μ0μ ε0ε ∂2 E / ∂ t2↔ ( E ) - ∆ E = - μ0μ ε0 ε∂2 E / ∂ t2;
( H ) - H () = - ε0εμ0μ∂2 H/ ∂ t2 ↔ ( H ) - ∆ H = - μ0μ ε0ε∂2 H/ ∂ t, (9.6)
= i (∂ / ∂ x) + j (∂ / ∂ y) + k (∂ / ∂ z) - ; () = (∂2 / ∂ x2) + (∂2 / ∂ y2) + (∂2 / ∂ z2) = ∆ - ∆ - .
(5.21) 5.1 " . . " ,
.. ρ = 0, (7.20) 7.1 " . " div B B , : E = 0;
H = 0. (9.7) (9.7) (9.6) 0 = 0 : ∆ E = μ0μ ε0ε∂2 E/ ∂ t2;
∆ H = ε0εμ0μ∂2 H/ ∂ t2. (9.8) (9.8) (9.6) ∆ : (∂2 E/ ∂ x2) + (∂2 E/ ∂ y2) + (∂2 E/ ∂ z2) = (εμ/ c2)(∂2 E/ ∂ t2); (∂2 H/ ∂ x2) + (∂2 H/ ∂ y2) + (∂2 H/ ∂ z2) = (εμ/ c2)(∂2 H/ ∂ t2), (9.9) c2 = 1/ ε0μ0 - .
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, (9.9), , , t (9.9), . , (9.9) , , v : v = /(εμ)1/2. (9.10) ε = μ = 1 (10.9) v .
,
(.9.3) , (.2.17) 2.0 " ", , ε μ , ρ , .. ρ= 0, j = 0 , .. j = 0. OY (.9.3) A , .. .. 1, 2 3 , E, H .. 1, 2 3
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(∂ E Z/∂ y) - (∂ E Y/∂ z) = - ∂ B X/∂ t; (∂ E X/∂ z) - (∂ E Z/∂ x) = - ∂ B Y/∂ t; (∂ E Y/∂ x) -(∂ E X/∂ y) = - ∂ B Z/∂ t
∂ E Y/∂ x = 0; ∂ E Y/∂ z = 0; ∂ E Z/∂ x = 0; ∂ E X/∂ z = 0 (. 09.0.3) A : ∂ E Z/∂ y = - ∂ BX/∂ t ↔ ∂ E Z/∂ y = - μ0μ(∂ HX/∂ t); 0 = ∂ BY/∂ t ↔ 0 = μ0μ(∂ HY/∂ t);
∂ E X/∂ y = ∂ BZ/∂ t ↔ ∂ E X/∂ y = μ0μ(∂ HZ/∂ t),(9.11) BX= μ0 μ HX, BZ = μ0 μ HZ - OX, OZ B , HX, HZ H (7.127) 7.2 " ";
) (7.20) 7.1 " . ", (. 8.1) 8.0 " . " (∂ BX/∂ x) + (∂ BY/∂ y)+ (∂ BZ/∂ z) = 0 ∂ BX/∂ x= 0; ∂ BZ/∂ z = 0 (. 09.0.3) A :
∂ BY/∂ y = 0 ↔ μ0μ(∂ HY/∂ y) = 0, (9.12) BY= μ0 μ HY - OY B , HY H (7.127) 7.2 " ";
) (8.78), (. 8.1) 8.0 " . " (∂ HZ /∂ y) - (∂ HY /∂ z) = jx + (∂ D X /∂ t); (∂ HX/∂ z) - (∂ HZ /∂ x) = jy + (∂ D Y/∂ t); (∂ HY /∂ x) - (∂ HX /∂ y) = jz + (∂ D Z /∂ t) ∂ HY /∂ x= 0; ∂ HY /∂ z = 0; ∂ HZ /∂ x = 0; ∂ HX/∂ z = 0, j = 0 , .. j = 0, jx = 0; jy= 0; jz = 0, (. 09.0.3) A : ∂ HZ /∂ y = ∂ D X /∂ t ↔ ∂ HZ /∂ y = ε0ε(∂ E X /∂ t); 0 = ∂ D Y/∂ t ↔ 0 = ε0ε(∂ E Y /∂ t);
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∂ HX /∂ y = - ∂ D Z /∂ t ↔ ∂ HX /∂ y = - ε0ε(∂ E Z/∂ t). (9.13) ) (5.88) 5.2 " . . ", (. 8.1) 8.0 " . " (∂ D X/∂ x) + (∂ D Y/∂ y)+ (∂ D Z/∂ z) = ρ ∂ D X/∂ x = 0; ∂ D Z/∂ z = 0, ρ , .. ρ= 0, (.9.3) A : ∂ D Y/∂ y = 0 ↔ ε0ε(∂ E Y /∂ y) = 0. (9.14) D Y= ε0ε E Y - OY D , E Y E (5.87) 5.2 " . . "
(9.11), (9.12) : ∂ HY/∂ t = ∂ HY/∂ y = 0. (9.15) (9.13), (9. 14) : ∂ E Y/∂ t = ∂ E Y/∂ y = 0. (9.16) (10.14), (10.15) t y E Y, H Y E, H OY t 頠
y , E Y, HY E, H OY : E Y = H Y = 0. (9.17) (9.17) (9.12) (9.14) . (9.11) (9.13) , E X, HZ E Z, HX OY, OZ E, H : ∂ E Z/∂ y = - μ0μ(∂ HX/∂ t) (9.18)
∂ HX /∂ y= - ε0ε(∂ E Z /∂ t) ;
∂ E X/∂ y = μ0μ(∂ HZ/∂ t)
∂ HZ/∂ y = ε0ε(∂ E X /∂ t). (9.19)
(9.18), (9.19) E Z, H X E X, HZ E, H OX, OZ , .. (9.17) E Y, HY, .. OY , . (9.18) (9.19). , t
E Z , (.9.3) OZ . (9.18) t E Z , H X , OX . E X , OX HZ , OZ , .
, (9.18) ,
E X HZ .
(.9.3) OZ E Z , OX 젠 H X , (9.18) , E X= HZ = 0.
y (9.18) , : ∂2 E Z/∂ y2 = - μ0μ(∂ / ∂ y)(∂ HX/∂ t) ↔ ∂2 E Z/∂ y2 = - μ0μ(∂ / ∂ t)(∂ HX/∂ y). (9.20) (9.20) (9.18) ∂ HX /∂ y= - ε0ε(∂ E Z /∂ t) (9.9) c2 = 1/ ε0μ0 , : ∂2 E Z/∂ y2 = εμ(∂2 E Z/∂ t2) / c2. (9.21) y (9.18) , : ∂2 HX/∂ y2 = - ε0ε(∂ / ∂ y)(∂ E Z/∂ t) ↔ ∂2 HX/∂ y2 = - ε0ε(∂ / ∂ t)(∂ E Z/∂ y). (9.22) (9.22) (9.18) ∂ E Z/∂ y = - μ0μ(∂ HX/∂ t) (9.10) c2 = 1/ ε0μ0 , : ∂2 HX/∂ y 2 = εμ(∂2 HX/∂ t2) / c2 . (9.23) (9.21), (9.23) (9. 9), , (9.21), (9. 23) (9.9) , , ε , μ , ρ , .. ρ= 0, j = 0 , .. j = 0.
(9.21), (9. 23)
s t (.2.17) 2.0 " " E Z, HX OZ, OX E Z H X , t y (2.69) 2.0 " ": EZ = Emcos(ωt - k y+ φ1) HX = H m cos(ωt - k y+ φ2), (9.24)
ω - E Z OZ H X OX ; k = ω/ v (2.70) 2.0 " "- , v = /(εμ)1/2 - (9.10) ; Em H m - EZ OZ H X OX ; φ1 φ2 - E Z OZ H X OX .
(9.24) (9.18) t y , : kEmsin(ωt - k y+ φ1) = μ0μ ω H m sin(ωt - k y+ φ2)
k H m sin(ωt - k y+ φ1) = ε0ε ωEmsin(ωt - k y+ φ2). (9.25) (9.25) , : φ1 = φ2; (9.26) kEm = μ0μ ω H m
k H m = ε0ε ωEm . (9.27)
(9.26) E Z OZ H X OX . (9.27) , : Em/ H m = μ0μ H m/ ε0ε Em ↔ Em/ H m = (μ0μ/ ε0ε)1/2. (9.28) (9.28) Em/ H m E Z OZ H X OX
ε , μ . , ε = μ = 1, (9.28) : Em/ H m = (μ0/ ε0)1/2. (9.29)
.
Em (. 9.4) k , E m : Em = k EZ m , (9.30) EZ m - OZ y OY t , O , .. E m, "- E m " .
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(.9.4), t1 y1 , , T/4 , E OZ H OX , .. (9.30), (9.31) E m H m .
t y , OY j ,(9.32) E OZ H OX . E ε (5.152) 5.2 " . . " we :
we = ε0ε E2/2, (9.33) E - E t y . H μ (8.35) 8.0 " . " : wm = μ0 μ H2/2,(9.34) H - H t y .
w ε μ (9.33) (9.34) : w = we + wm = (ε0ε E2/2) + (μ0 μ H2/2). (9.35) (9.35) (9.28) Em/ Hm = (μ0μ/ ε0ε)1/2, ε μ E, H E H t y , w :
w = (1/2)(ε0ε E2 ε0ε E2)1/2 + (1/2)(μ0 μ H2μ0 μ H2)1/2 = (1/2)(ε0ε E2μ0 μ H2)1/2 + + (1/2)(μ0 μ H2 ε0ε E2) 1/2 = (μ0μ ε0ε)1/2 E H = (1/ v ) E H, (9.36) v = 1/(ε0εμ0μ)1/2 - ε μ (2.75) 2.0 " "
(9.36) v ε μ S , , , t t . S : S = v w = E H. (9.37) E OZ H OX y OY t , .9.4
j .
. [ E H] (.9.4) j , . E H | [ E H]| (9.37) S , S : | [ E H]| = E H = S. (9.38) (9.38) S : S = [ E H]. (9.39) (9.39) S , .