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I.

1. . , should (would, could, might) + the Indefinite Infinitive, , should (would, might, could) + the Perfect Infinitive.

Models:

Do you want to marry Meg? You would be very unhappy with her. ? .
He would have said a great deal but he was tired. , .

Exercise 1.1. Translate into Russian.

1. It would be foolish to sell such a picture. 2. The house would be too expensive for them. 3. Twenty years ago I wouldnt have thought it possible. 4. He knows I could never tell him a lie. 5. I didnt know about the concert. I might have got tickets for it. 6. With a bit more help I would have finished it on time. 7. Im sure we would really enjoy going on holiday with you but we just cant afford it. 8. I know that she could do really well but she doesnt work very hard. 9. We are lucky its sunny today, it would be horrible sitting out here otherwise. 10. Its good you brought all these things from outside last might. The rain might have ruined them. 11. Under the conditions described the reaction would proceed only with difficulty. 12. In particular the author would like to thank L. Apker for many valuable suggestions. 13. A mere list of the numerous applications which have been proposed and written about would provide material for a full chapter. 14. Difficulties in observation make the facts upon which scientific laws are based less certain than we would like them to be. 15. Unfortunately the analysis now to be given will show that the assumption would not be a legitimate one. 16. The last controlled experiment to be performed on the gas would be a study of the relationship between temperature and pressure, the volume being kept constant.

Exercise 1.2. Translate into English.

1. , , . 2. . 3. , . 4. , . . 5. . 6. . 7. . . 8. ? . 9. , . .

2. , Oh, if only . , : ) the Past Simple tense were, , ) the Past Perfect Tense, , ) could (would) + the Indefinite Infinitive, .

Models:

Oh, if only father were at home! , !
Oh, if only he had listened to me! , !
Oh, if only it would stop raining! , !

Exercise 2.1. Translate the following sentences.

1. If only I knew what to do! 2. If only their life could always be like that! 3. If only we had booked the tickets in advance! 4. If only my parents lived in Minsk! 5. If only you had seen him at that moment! 6. If only we had gone to Moscow by plane! 7. If only you would tell me the truth! 8. If only he could explain his behavior! 9. If only you would concentrate on your studies! 10. If only my parents would like my husband!

Exercise 2.2. Translate the following sentences.

1. ! 2. ! 3. ! 4. , , ! 5. ! 6. ! 7. ! 8. ! 9. 10. !

 

3. emotionalshould. , , why , , should + the Indefinite or Perfect Infinitive. ? ? ..?

Models:

Why should you and I talk about it? ?
Why should there be one law for men and another for women? - , ?

. Emotional should , , , , , , : strange, wonderful, unnatural, impossible, (un)fortunate, surprising, annoying, (un)likely, etc. should + the Indefinite or Perfect Infinitive.

Models:

It is strange that I should never have heard about him. , .
It is unlikely that the reaction should occur. , .

Exercise 3.1. Translate the following sentences.

A.

1. Why should you dislike him so much? 2. Why should you think that he is not capable of doing this work? 3. I dont understand why you should be angry with him. 4. Why should metals, even in the solid state, be excellent conductors of electricity, whereas salts ordinarily need to be melted before they will conduct? 5. Why should metals melt when heated? 6. Why should cells of Pennales be considered sexual auxospores? 7. Why should fewer males be involved in the seed production of an anemone flower? 8. Why should crystals usually be salts of calcium with the oxalate being especially prevalent? 9. Why should it be difficult effectively to sterilize seeds? 10. Why should the chloroplasts breakdown more rapidly under such conditions?

B.

1. It is natural that aluminium should receive a great amount of attention from research workers. 2. It is not strange that the Golgi material and other cytoplasmic elements should have been confused in the absence of specific methods. 3. It is not surprising that the peculiar properties of some compounds should have led to the belief that life is primarily a series of changes in special protein molecules. 4. Its fortunate that they should have returned home, otherwise there would have been a fire because of the stove left on. 5. Its wonderful that young people should become more and more politically aware these days. 6. Its annoying that he should constantly complain about something 7. Its unfortunate that the weather should be so horrible now when we are on holiday. 8. Dont go to the restaurant with him, it is unlikely that he should pay even for himself. 9. Its unfortunate that he should have caught malaria in that country. 10. Its impossible that he should pass the exam, he doesnt work hard enough.

Exercise 3.2. Translate the following sentences.

A.

1. , ? 2. , , . 3. ? 8. 4. , ? 5. ? . 6. ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. , , ? 10. ? .

B.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , ? 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , .

 

4. , : had (d) better, would (d) rather, would (d) sooner.

Models:

I think we had better stay in town for another week. , .
He would sooner die than give up his habit. , .

. , - , wish (. ).

Model:

Will you do it? I d rather he did it. ? , .

Exercise 4.1. Say what you would rather do in the following situations and explain your choice.

1. If youre thirsty, would you rather have a hot drink or a cold drink? 2. If you could choose between travelling by plane or by train, which would you rather do? 3. If you had to choose between a summer holiday or a winter holiday, which would you choose? 4. You have to choose between fizzy mineral water or still mineral water. 5. What do you want to watch on TV, the news or the football match? 6. In a restaurant, you have to choose between boiled potatoes or French fries.

Exercise 4.2. Translate into Russian.

1. Id rather you didnt smoke in here. 2. Id rather be a sailor. 3. Id rather you didnt watch television while you are doing your homework. 4. Would you rather I made the lunch if you feel tired? 5. Id better go now or Ill be late. 6. Id rather the children didnt turn on the television without permission. 7. Wed better take a taxi, the train leaves in halh an hour. 8. Id rather you didnt stay long at the party. 9. I would sooner do it myself than ask him for help. 10. I would sooner start as early as possible than drive in the afternoon when its so hot.

Exercise 4.3. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. . 7. , - . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , .

5. ( ):

So be it! !
Be it so! !
Come what will! !
Success attend you! !
Long live our country! !
Be yours a happy life! !
As luck would have it
As ill luck would have it ( )
God save the king! !
God bless you! !
Heaven forbid! ()!
Manners be hanged! !
Damn you! !

II.

1. , :

it is (was) necessary it is (was) obligatory -
it is (was) advisable , it is (was) imperative -
it is (was) important it is (was) essential ,
it is (was) desirable - it is urgent

the Indefinite Infinitive should + the Indefinite Infinitive.

Model:

It was imperative that she (should) go home. , .

Exercise 1.1. Translate the following sentences.

1. It is advisable that he be there at 5 oclock. 2. It was necessary that they take measures immediately. 3. It is important that he return tomorrow. 4. It is essential that the agreement should be signed before May. 5. It was necessary that the question should be settled without delay. 6. It was necessary that the type of the reaction be determined. 7. It was essential that the substance be chemically pure. 8. It is desirable that this method should be recommended. 9. It was necessary that atomic energy be used for industrial purposes. 10. It is essential that you should know that this solution fumes slightly in air. 11. It is imperative that the investigator observe all possible precautions to keep unnecessary radiation to a minimum. 12. Since this plant requires much moisture, it is necessary that proper moisture conditions be secured during the growing season. 13. To insure quick germination it is advisable that planting should begin when the soil is warm and moist enough. 14. It is very important that the root system develop properly. 15. When plants are grown under protection it is essential that some means of ventilation should be provided. 16. It is very important that the seeds be stored and kept well. 17. It is desirable that he begin this experiment as soon as possible. 18. For good germination it is highly important that the seed have an adequate supply of heat, moisture and air.

Exercise 1.2. Translate the following sentences.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , , (cover) . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , .

 

2. , , , , , , :

It is (was)

suggested ,
demanded ,
decided
proposed ,
agreed
arranged
required
requested ,
recommended - ,
determined ,

the Indefinite Infinitive should + the Indefinite Infinitive.

Model:

It was required that she (should) come at 5. , .

Exercise 2.1. Translate the following sentences.

1. It is suggested that diffusible substances should convey information as to the proper position and orientation to cells of minced tissues. 2. It has been determined that the physical characteristics of the vegetation of a given region should depend on environmental conditions. 3. It was proposed that the application of pesticides be reduced. 4. It is required that a high phytoplankton crop should be presented at all times of year. 5. It was agreed that the main aim of the programme be to measure production and relationships in the food chain. 6. It was determined that mans psychic activity should be based on physiological processes operating in the cerebral cortex. 7. It is recommended that the results be summarized and discussed. 8. It was suggested that hormones should stimulate the activities of other organs. 9. It was arranged that we should summarize the information available on this subject. 10. It was settled that we should investigate the inhibitory effects of brain. 11. To shorten the experiment, it is suggested that only logarithmic plots for each point be made and the approximate space potentials be determined. 12. It is suggested that a first section of each article should be devoted to a statement of the particular problem and to a short summary of its history and previous work, to be followed by the modern advances.

Exercise 2.2. Translate the following sentences.

1. , 10 . 2. , . 3. , -. 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. . 11. , . 12. , , .

 

3. , , , , , , .., :

suggest urge
order recommend
demand request
insist require
propose advise

the Indefinite Infinitive should + the Indefinite Infinitive.

Model:

I suggest(ed) that he (should) go round the house and see everything. (), .

Exercise 3.1. Translate the following sentences.

1. He ordered that the goods be send immediately. 2. He suggested that the question be discussed at the next meeting. 3. He insisted that the case should be postponed. 4. He recommended that the goods should be shipped at once. 5. The doctor advises that he should go to the south. 6. The sellers demanded that payment should be made within 5 days. 7. The author suggests that all species be subdivided into subspecies. 8. Many authors have urged that the various elements should be referred to as active and passive rather than living and lifeless. 9. Such a relation does not require that the starch appear in direct contact with the pyrenoid. 10. Suppose that each chromosome should become broken into its segments. 11. The author suggests that the term virus should be confined to viruses having only one kind of the nucleic acid.

Exercise 3.2. Translate the following sentences.

1. , . 2. , , . 3. , 5 . 4. , . 5. , . . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , ? 9. , . 10. , .

 

4. , wish, suggestion, aim, condition, idea, etc should ( ) + the Indefinite Infinitive.

Model:

His aim was that his enemies should be discredited. , .

. , , suggestion, proposal, demand, order, decision, agreement, request should ( )+ the Indefinite Infinitive.

Model:

I accepted his suggestion that we should look after the old man in turn. , .

Exercise 4.1. Translate the following sentences.

A.

1. His idea was that the theatre should serve as a means of education for the mass of the public. 2. Their condition was that the decision should be announced immediately. 3. Her idea was that she should go to Paris to learn French. 4. Their aim is that the team should take first place. 5. His wish is that he should learn to read English books in the original. 6. His idea was that everybody should take part in the concert. 7. My desire is that you should be happy and contented. 8. Our intention was that this bill () should become law before the end of this year. 9. The teachers demand was that everybody should be present in class. 10. His suggestion is that I should read the book in the original. 11. My friends advice was that we should attend the lectures. 12. The teachers demand was that we should write a composition on Tuesday. 13. The direction of the chief was that the documents should be posted by a registered letter. 14. The mans demand was that his telegramme should be sent immediately.

B.

1. We have made arrangements that they should go to Glasgow next week. 2. Our delegation moved a proposal that the countries concerned should resume negotiations as soon as possible. 3. We remember his request that all his books should be kept in place. 4. They supported the proposal that a committee should be appointed to deal with the matter. 5. The publisher sent me a letter with the request that I should write a review of a book.

Exercise 4.2. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. 2 . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. . 7. , .

B.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , , .

 

5. so that, in order that can may ( t) + the Indefinite Infinitive.

Models:

Please, leave the door open so that Mary can (may) see the children. , , .
He left the door open so that she could (might) see him. , .

. 1. the Future Simple Tense ( the Future Simple in the Past) should + the Indefinite Infinitive.

Model:

I want (ed) to live in London so that the boy will (would) have someone to play with. () , .

2. should + the Indefinite Infinitive, . lest ( ).

Models:

She spoke in a low voice so that the baby should not wake up. , .
They covered the goods with canvas lest they should be damaged by rain. , .

Exercise 5.1. Translate the following sentences.

1. I spoke to them so that they might tell me the truth. 2. I tried to forget it so that I could go on living. 3. We hurried up lest we should miss the train. 4. She wants to live in a big city so that her son will get a good education. 5. Send him out of the room so that he should not hear what we talk about. 6. She turned away in order that we should not see her tears. 7. Ill ring him up at once so that he shouldnt wait for me. 8. They instructed their agents to pack the goods carefully so that the buyers might not have cause to complain. 9. They left home at 8 oclock so that they should not be late for the lecture. 10. In order that this relation should be valid two conditions must be observed. 11. A special device has been designed lest the minute particles should be missed.

Exercise 5.2. Translate the following sentences.

1. , , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. , .

 

6. , though, although, however, no matter, whatever, whoever, etc, , whenever, wherever, may (might) + the Indefinite Infinitive (the Perfect Infinitive ).

Models:

Though he may (might) be tired he will go to the concert. , .
However badly he may have behaved to you in the past he is still your brother. , .
Whenever you may (might) come you are welcome. , .

Exercise 6.1. Translate into Russian.

1. Although you may never admit it, you are like me. 2. Remember, the truth, however ashamed of it you may be, is better than any lie. 3. I must return to the city, no matter what dangers may lurk me there. 4. I should like to do some good to you and your husband, whoever he may be. 5. Cold though it may be, we should go to the skating-rink. 6. Wherever she may live, she will always find friends. 7. I shall come to your wedding, whenever that may be fixed. 8. However often I might try I could not find the answer. 9. Whatever faults he may have meanness is not one of them. 10. However much Tom may admire her, he is unlikely to ask her to be his wife.

Exercise 6.2. Translate into English.

1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. , . 10 , .

 

7. it is (high) time were the Past Simple Tense.

Model:

It is (high) time you knew the rule. () .

Exercise 7.1. Translate the following sentences.

1. It is high time they made up their quarrel. 2. It is time he stopped behaving like that. 3. It is time the child was in bed. 4. It is high time we had dinner. 5. Its time there were some changes in the way they work. 6. Its about time they started making the experiment. 7. Its time the students discussed the laws of inheritance. 8. Its about time meteorologists improved methods of analysis to forecast the weather with greater accuracy. 9. Its high time he made a report about his latest discoveries. 10. Its time you considered the property of erythrocytes to gather into clumps under certain conditions.

Exercise 7.2. Translate the following sentences.

1. . 2. , . 3. 10 , . 4. . , . 5. - , , . 6. . , . 7. . 8. . 9. , . 10. , .

 

, as if, as though , : ) , o the Past Simple ( the Past Continuous).

Model:

The house is (was) so quiet as if there were (was) nobody in it. () , .


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Exercise 3.7. Use the first or second conditional. | Exercise 9.5. What is the fact behind the following wishes?
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