40. Polysemy and Context..................................................................................... 47
41. Lexical Context....................................................................... -................ 48
42. Grammatical Context................................................................................. 49
43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation)........................................ 50
44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups..................................... 50
Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words
45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields............................................................... 51
46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-semantic Groups 53
47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy...................................................... 55
48. Criteria of Synonymity.............................................................................. 57
49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English.............................................. 58
50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy.......................................................... 59
51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families.................................. 61
52. Summary and Conclusions............................................................................. 62
III. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Some Basic Features of Word-Groups
1. Lexical Valency (Collocability).......................................................................... 64
2. Grammatical Valency,....................................................................................... 66
Structure of Word-Groups
3. Distribution as a Criterion of Classification....................................................... 67
Meaning of Word-Groups
4. Lexical Meaning................................................................................................ 68
5. Structural Meaning............................................................................................ 69
6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups 69
Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups
7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups... 70
8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns......................................................... 71
9. Motivation in Word-Groups............................................................................... 71
10, Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 72
265
Phraseological Units
11. Free Word-Groups, Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms,
Word-Equivalents............................................................................................ 74
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12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity)... 74
13. Classification..................................................................................................... 75
14. Some Debatable Points...................................................................................... 76
15. Criterion of Function.......................................................................................... 79
16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper............................................................ 80
17. Some Debatable Points............................................................................. 81
18. Criterion of Context........................................................................................... 82
19. Some Debatable Points...................................................................................... 83
20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language......................................................... 84
21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach..................................................... 86
22. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 88
IV. WORD-STRUCTURE
1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes............................................................ 89
2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability 89
3. Classification of Morphemes............................................................................... 92
4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis..................................................................... 94
5. Morphemic Types of Words............................................................................... 95
6. Derivative Structure............................................................................................ 95
7. Derivative Relations............................................................................................. 96
8. Derivational Bases............................................................................. 97
9. Derivational Affixes........................................................................................... 100
10. Semi-Affixes.................................................................................................... 102
11. Derivational Patterns....................................,.................................................. 103
12. Derivational Types of Words........................................................................... 104
13. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure.................................................... 105
14. Summary and Conclusions............................................................................... 106
V. WORD-FORMATION
Various Ways of Forming Words
1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words..................................................... 108
2. Word-Formation. Definition Basic Peculiarities.............................................. 109
3. Word-Formation as the Subject of Study......................................................... 111
4. Productivity of Word-Formation Means........................................................... 112
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5. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................. 114
Affixation
6. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivatives 114
7. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems............................................................. 115
8. Classification of Prefixes.............................................................. 117
9. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes................................................ 119
10. Main Principles of Classification..................................................................... 120
11. Polysemy and Homonymy.............................................................................. 121
12. Synonymy........................................................................................................ 122
13. Productivity...................................................................................................... 123
14. Origin of derivational affixes............................................................................ 125
15. Summary and Conclusions................................................................. 126
Conversion
16. Definition.................................................................................................. 127
17. Synchronic Approach....................................................................................... 130
18. Typical Semantic Relations.............................................................................. 131
19. Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation.............................................................. 133
20. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin............................................ 136
21. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion....... 138
22. Conversion and Sound-(Stress-) Interchange.................................................. 139
23. Summary and Conclusions................................................................... 140
Word-Composition
24. Compounding........................................................................................... 140
25. Structure.................................................................................................... 141
26. Meaning........................................................................................................... 143
27. Structural Meaning of the Pattern.................................................................... 144
28. The Meaning of Compounds. Motivation....................................................... 145
29. Classification................................................................................................... 146
30. Relations between the ICs of Compounds....................................................... 146
31. Different Parts of Speech................................................................................ 147
32. Means of Composition.............................................................................. 148
33. Types of Bases................................................................................................ 149
34. Correlation between Compounds and Free Phrases........................................ 151
35. Correlation Types of Compounds................................................................... 154
36. Sources of Compounds................................................................................... 158
37. Summary and Conclusions...................................................................... 158
VI. ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK
1. Some Basic Assumptions.................................................................................. 160
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Words of Native Origin
2. Semantic Characteristics and Collocability........................................................ 162
3. Derivational Potential.................................................................................. 162
4. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 164
Borrowings
5. Causes and Ways of Borrowing........................................................................ 164
6. Criteria of Borrowings.................................... ■........................................... 165
7. Assimilation of Borrowings........................................................................ 166
8. Phonetic, Grammatical and Lexical Assimilation of Borrowings 167
9. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It........................................... 170
10. Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 170
