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, . , . .

1. .

, ( > 7).

3Na 3 + Na+;

Na+ + HOH ;

3 + HOH Û 3 + , > 7.

3Na + HOH Û 3 + Na.

, ,

Na2CO3 + HOH Û NaHCO3 + NaOH;

I : CO + HOH Û HCO + OH ;

II : CO + HOH Û H2CO3 + NaOH.

II , I .

2. .

, ( < 7).

(NH4)2SO4 2NH4+ + SO ;

SO + HOH ;

NH4+ + HOH Û NH4OH + H+, < 7.

(NH4)2SO4 + HOH Û NH4OH + NH4HSO4 .

, .

3. .

. , . . K () > K (), < 7; K ()) < K (), > 7, K () = K (), ͻ 7.

NH4COOH + HOH Û NH4OH + HCOOH, = 7,

K (HCOOH) = K (NH4OH) = 1,76 × 10-5.

4. .

, , , , , , ,

Al2S3 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2S ;

2Al3+ + 3S2 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2S .

h K .

h ,

h = / 2, (51)

; 2 .

K h :

1)

K = , h = = , (52)

K .

, .

[] = = h × 2 , (53)

= 14 = 14 + lg . (54)

 

2)

K = , h = = , (55)

K .

[H+] = = h × 2 , (56)

= lg[H+] = lg . (57)

3 ) :

K = . (58)

h = . (59)

[H+] = , (60)

= lg . (61)

 

 

 

1. .

, NaOH H3BO3 BO +.

:

I : O + HOH Û HO + OH ;

II : O + HOH Û H2O + OH ;

III : H2O + OH Û H3BO3 + OH .

, I . :

Na3BO3 + HOH Û Na2BO3 + NaOH, > 7( ).

 

2. ?

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Na2CO3 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2O + 3CO2 + 3Na2SO4 .

+, Al2(SO4)3, , Na2CO3, . 2CO3 Al(OH)3, .

2Al3+ + 3CO+ 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2O + 3CO2

3. , 0,02 3K. (3) = 1,8 105.

3K 3.

3 + Û 3 + .

(52)

K = = 5,56×10-10;

h = = 1,67×10-4.

 

4. , 0,2 K3PO4, ,

I = 7,5∙103; II = 6,25∙108; III = 2,2∙1013.

K3PO4 H3PO4. ,

K3PO4 + 2O Û K2HPO4 + K

PO43 + 2O Û HPO42 +

K = = = 4,55×102.

(52)

h = = = 0,477.

(53)

[] = h × 2 = 0,477×0,2 = 9,53×102.

(54)

= 14 + lg = 14 + lg = 12,98.

 

 

 

1. .. : . . .: , 2002.

2. , , / .. , .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: ii, 1996.

3. : . . . / .. , .. , .. ; .
.. . .: . . , 2004.

4. : . / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . .: . ., 2003.

5. : . / .. , .. , .. . .: . ., 2004.

6. : . . . / .. , .. , .. . 2- ., . . .: . ., 1991.

7. .. : . . .: -, 2001.

8. .., .. . .: . ., 1991.

9. . ., : . . 3- ., . - .: : , 2007. 224 .

 

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