, . , . .
1. .
, ( > 7).
3Na 3 + Na+;
Na+ + HOH ;
3 + HOH Û 3 + , > 7.
3Na + HOH Û 3 + Na.
, ,
Na2CO3 + HOH Û NaHCO3 + NaOH;
I : CO + HOH Û HCO + OH ;
II : CO + HOH Û H2CO3 + NaOH.
II , I .
2. .
, ( < 7).
(NH4)2SO4 2NH4+ + SO ;
SO + HOH ;
NH4+ + HOH Û NH4OH + H+, < 7.
(NH4)2SO4 + HOH Û NH4OH + NH4HSO4 .
, .
3. .
. , . . K () > K (), < 7; K ()) < K (), > 7, K () = K (), ͻ 7.
NH4COOH + HOH Û NH4OH + HCOOH, = 7,
K (HCOOH) = K (NH4OH) = 1,76 × 10-5.
4. .
, , , , , , ,
Al2S3 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2S ;
2Al3+ + 3S2 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2S .
h K .
h ,
h = / 2, (51)
; 2 .
K h :
1)
K = , h = = , (52)
K .
, .
|
|
[] = = h × 2 , (53)
= 14 = 14 + lg . (54)
2)
K = , h = = , (55)
K .
[H+] = = h × 2 , (56)
= lg[H+] = lg . (57)
3 ) :
K = . (58)
h = . (59)
[H+] = , (60)
= lg . (61)
1. .
, NaOH H3BO3 BO +.
:
I : O + HOH Û HO + OH ;
II : O + HOH Û H2O + OH ;
III : H2O + OH Û H3BO3 + OH .
, I . :
Na3BO3 + HOH Û Na2BO3 + NaOH, > 7( ).
2. ?
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Na2CO3 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2O + 3CO2 + 3Na2SO4 .
+, Al2(SO4)3, , Na2CO3, . 2CO3 Al(OH)3, .
2Al3+ + 3CO+ 6HOH 2Al(OH)3¯ + 3H2O + 3CO2
3. , 0,02 3K. (3) = 1,8 105.
3K 3.
3 + Û 3 + .
(52)
K = = 5,56×10-10;
h = = 1,67×10-4.
4. , 0,2 K3PO4, ,
I = 7,5∙103; II = 6,25∙108; III = 2,2∙1013.
K3PO4 H3PO4. ,
K3PO4 + 2O Û K2HPO4 + K
|
|
PO43 + 2O Û HPO42 +
K = = = 4,55×102.
(52)
h = = = 0,477.
(53)
[] = h × 2 = 0,477×0,2 = 9,53×102.
(54)
= 14 + lg = 14 + lg = 12,98.
1. .. : . . .: , 2002.
2. , , / .. , .. , .. , .. ; . .. . .: ii, 1996.
3. : . . . / .. , .. , .. ; .
.. . .: . . , 2004.
4. : . / .. , .. , .. .; . .. . .: . ., 2003.
5. : . / .. , .. , .. . .: . ., 2004.
6. : . . . / .. , .. , .. . 2- ., . . .: . ., 1991.
7. .. : . . .: -, 2001.
8. .., .. . .: . ., 1991.
9. . ., : . . 3- ., . - .: : , 2007. 224 .
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