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K ( ) ( ) -

K = × = [ +]×[ ]. (38)

K 2 = + + . . , K 1×1014.

+ ,

= lg = lg[+], (39)

= lg = lg[], (40)

(38) (39) (40) ,

+ = 14. (41)

:

1) < 7; 2) > 7; 3) = 7.

, , . . : ; .

+

[+] = , (42)

() ; [], [] , /3.

(42) ,

= K () lg , (43)

() = lg ().

= 14 K () + lg , (44)

K () = -lg K ().

, , 1 3 , . /3

, (45)

2 ; V ; V ; ΔpH .

, . , .

 

 

1. , , 2 , K (3) = 1,75×10-5.

, 3 Û 3 + +. K (3) << 1, (25)

a = = = 2,96×10-3 0,296 %

(20)

[+] = = 5,92×10-3 /3.

(38)

[] = = = 1,69∙10-12 /3.

(39) (41)

= lg[+] = lg(5,92×103) = 2,23

= 14 = 14 2,23 = 11,77

 

2. 0,017 , () = 2104.

, Û + +, + (25) (20)

[+] = n × α C 2= n × .

(39)

= lg 1,8 10-3 = 2,75.

 

3. ()2 0,001 .

()2 , α = 1, , .

()2 + + .

[] = [()2] = 1×10-3. , , -. (40)

= lg [] = lg(1×103) = 3.

(41) = 14 = 14 3 = 11.

 

4. 0,1 .

, HNO3 H+ + NO . α ≈ 1, , [+] =[NO ] = 2(NO3) = 0,1 /3. , . (32)

I = ½ × (0,112 + 0,1 12) = 0,1.

(31 ) +

lgg+ = 0,5×½(+1)2½× = 0,158; g+ = 100,158 = 0,695.

(26) (39)

= [+] ×g+ = 0,1 ×0,695 = 0,0695 .

= lg = lg 0,0695 = 1,16.

5. NO2, = 2,7.

,

NO2 Û + + NO

, [+] = [NO ]. (39)

[+] = [NO ] = 10 = 102,7 = 2×103 /3.

, , 2×103 /3. 2 , , , [NO2] = ( 2 − 2×103) .

(22)

.

[8]. , 2

; 2 = 0,01 .

 

6. ()2 = 11,3. γ () = 0,965.

()2 , , ()22+ + 2. (41)

= 14 = 14 11,3 = 2,7.

(40)

/3.

(26)

/3.

,

2 (()2) = 1/2×[] = 0,0021/2=0,00105 /3.

 

7. , 1 3 0,1 3 0,2 Na3. l.

[8] (3) = 1,75 105.

(3) = lg (3) = lg(1,75 105) = 4,757.

(43)

= 4,757 lg = 5,058.

. l . l 1 3

Na3 + l = Nal + 3.

3 (0,1 + ) /, Na3 (0,2 ) /.

l , , , . . 4,058. (39)

[+] = 104,058 = 8,75105.

(42)

[+] = 8,75 10-5 = ;

; = 6,67 /3.

l 6,67 /.

8. 100 7,36 7,00 3,6 0,1 . ?

(45)

= /.

 

 



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