, , A, B .
A È B = B È A ;
A Ç B = B Ç A ;
A È (B È ) = (A È B) È ;
A Ç (B Ç ) = (A Ç B) Ç ;
A Ç (B È ) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç ) ;
A È (B Ç ) = (A È B) Ç (A È ) ;
:
A È A = A
A Ç A = A
A È Ø = A
A Ç Ø = Ø
A È U = U
A Ç U = A
, , A \ B ≠ B \ A A \ (B \ ) ≠ (A \ B) \ . , - .
Δ = (\ ) U (\ ).
1. U - ; - 35 ; - , 10 ; - . ( ) :
) ; ) ∩ ∩ ; ) U ( ∩ ); ) \ ; ) \ ?
► ) - , 10 .
) ∩ ∩ - 35 , 10 .
) U ( ∩ ) - 35 , , , 10 .
) \ - 10 , .
) \ - 10 .
() : =.
3. <i,bi|>, aiA, bjB, ..
C=AxB={<aj,bj>: aiA bi}.
={1|,2} ={b1b2,b} . 1.1.3.
. 1.1.3
1 2,...
A1xA2x... xA ={<a1, 2,... >: 11 22... )
3. A ={ a, b, c, d } B = { c, d, e, f, g, h).
► U B = { a, b, , d, e, f, g, h }; A ∩ B = { , d).
U , , , . . U = { a, b, c, d, f, g, h }, A = U \A = { e, f, g, h }, B = a, b }. A \ B ={ a, b }; B \ A = { e, f, g, h }.
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1.
={2,3,4,10}, ={ 1,2,10,12}, ={1,9,10}.
a) A∩BUB∩C=D, ) (U) \ (∩)=.
D ∩ ∩, .
∩={2,10},∩={1,10} D={ 1,2,10}.
Ż U ∩.
AUC=(1,2,3,4,10,12}, ∩={2,10) ={1,3,4,12}.
2. U= {, b, , d},X= {, }, Y= {a, b, d},Z= {b, }. : _
a)XÇY; )(XÇZ)ÈY; b)XÈ(YÇZ);
)(XÈY)Ç(XÈZ); )ÈY; )XÇY;
)ÇY 3)(XÈY)ÈZ; )XÈ(YÈZ);
)X\Z; )(X\Z)È(Y\Z).
3. U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};A = {1, 2, 3}; B ={1, 3, 5, 6}; ={4, 5, 6}. :
a)\ )\; )\; )\;
)AÇB; )Ç; )Ç; )(È)\(Ç).
6.3 , ,
:
v -
v = (a1, a2,..., an),
1, 2,..., an - () . n () .
v1 = (a1, a2,..., an) v2= (b1, b2,..., bn) , , ..
(a1, a2,..., an) = (b1, b2,..., bn), : 1) n = m; 2) 1 = b1, a2 = b2,..., an = bn.
v i- i - :
i v = ai.
v i- i1, i2,..., ik k:
2. V - {(a, b, d), (, b, d), (d, b, b)}. V , , ? Fra , V - ( ) V?
► V:
np1V= {, , d); np2V = {b}; np23V = {(b, d), (b, b)}.
V - ((, b, d), (c,b,d),(d,b,b)):
np1V = (, , d); np2V = (b, b, b); np3V = ((b, d), (b, d), (b, b)).
3. V = {(a, b), (b, , d), (, , d)}. np1V
► np1V , V .
4. X = {0,1}, Y= {, b}. ∙ Y, Y ∙ X, 2, X ∙ Y ∙ X.
► X ∙ Y = {(0, a),(0, b),(l, a),(1, b)}.
Y ∙ X={(a, 0),(a, l),(b, 0),(b, l)}.
, X ∙ Y=Y ∙ X.
2 = {(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)}.
∙ Y ∙ = {(0, , 0), (0, , 1), (0, b, 0), (0, b, 1), (1, , 0), (1, , 1), (1, b, 0), (1, b, 1)}.
2. V: 1V, 2 V, 3V, :
) {(2, X 1,1), (2, 2, 3,1), (1,2, 3,1)};
) {(1,3, 5), (2, 4, 6), (3,5, 7)}.
. = {, }, Y= {a, d, f}. XY, X2, YXY.
6.4 .
= {1,2}, = {2,3}, = {1,3}. : (AÈB) \ (AÇB).
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U= {1,2, 3,4}, = {1, 3,4}, = {2, 3}, ={1,4}. : (\)È.
A1 = A2 = {, 6, }, A3 = A4 = {d, ) V=A1A23A4. : 1V, 1,3V.
7 7
7.1 : ,
,
1.
1) , , :
1. , .
2. , .
3. , , .
4. , .
2) :
3) .
4) {1,2,3,4,5,6}, B{4,5,6,7,8,9}, C{2,4,6}.
: (UB)∩C, A\B\C B∆C
5) A{(a,s,d), (s,f,h), (d,c,g)} 1, 2, 2,3
2.
1) : , , ; , , ; , , . , .
2) :
3) .
4) {,,,,}, B{,,,,,}, C{,,,}.
: (∩B)UC, (A∩B)\C ∆C
5) A{(a,s,d,), (s,f,h,), (d,c,g,)} 4, 2, 2,4
3.
1) , , , , . , , :
1. - , , .
2. .
3. - , .
4. , .
5. , .
6. , , - .
2) :
3) .
4) {a,,d,f,g,h}, B{g,h,j,k,l,q}, C{f,j,l,t,y}.
: (\B)∩C, (A\B)∩C B∆A
5) A{(a,s,d,k), (s,f,h), (d,c,g)} 1, 2, 2,3
4.
1) - (), (), (), () - , , . , , :
1. , .
2. , , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. , .
2) :
3) .
4) {4,5,6,7,8,9}, B{1,3,6,9,12,15}, C{2,5,9,14,15}.
: (∆B)∩C, A∩(B\C) A∆C
5) A{(a,s,d), (s,f,h), (d,c,g)} 2, 3, 1,3
5.
1) , , : , , 7-, 8-, 9- 10- . , 10- . :
1. : 9- , - 7-.
2. : 9- , - 8-.
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3. : 8- , - 10-.
. , , . ?
2) :
3) .
4) {q,w,e,r,t,y}, B{r,t,y,u,i,o}, C{w,t,i,v,d}.
: (CUB)∩A, C∆B\A C∩A∩B
5) A{(a,s,d,t), (s,f,h,b), (d,c,g,a)} 1, 3, 2,4
6.
1) . : ? :
: , .
: , - -.
: , - .
: , - .
: , .
, , ?
2) :
3) .
4) {3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, B{1,4,8,12}, C{2,4,5,7,9}.
: (UB)∩C, A\C\B B∆A
5) A{(a,s,d,t,u), (s,f,h,e), (d,c,g,t,i)} 1, 4, 3,4
8 8
8.1
- , n, ; () , .. "" "", , n (n- ): ( 1, 2 , , n ) , 1 1, 2 2,, n .
:
- " - ";
- " - ";
- " - ".
- , - . , (, , ) {, , ,..., }, () - " - ".
, , ( ) , {, , ,..., }, (, ) - " - ". , , , , "" "".
P , .
, P . ,
, P .
P(x) - , , x , P(x) .
P(x) , : " x P(x)" , P(x) . P(x) x.
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P(x) , : " x, P(x)" , P(x) . P(x) .
, x P(x) , - .
"x () $ () x , .
. , " $, ; .
1. , () "x - ". " ().
" () " ". , , .. .
2. () - "x - ", . $(), .
() - " - " : , , 5 "5 - ", . $() " ". , (), ( , ), .
() N, .. Î N, $() - . $() , , .
3. N(x) - " - ". . .
> " N(x) - " - " , , ;
$ N(x) - " x" , , - .
4. " ".
"x " " - x" : (x) (, x). " " :
"x ( (x) $ (,;x;)).
, (, ) , " " :
"x $ (, ).
5. (, ) "x " . . .
" " (x, ). , , . 5.2, y , ( , , ):
. 5.2
" $ (, )- , (. . 5.2,) ;
$ " (, ) , (. . 5.2, );
" " (, ) - (.5.2 );
$ $ (, ) , - (. 5.2,);
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$ " (, ) - , (. 5.2, );
"y $ (, ) - " , " " - " (. 5.2, ).
, , .. .
6. Q(x,y) - " ≤ '. . , , Î .
> "(≤) - ( ) : " ≤" " ". - , ; , , = {1,2,3,..., 99} = 99. . ;
"y ( ≤ ) - : " ≤" " ". - , = 0 ;
" ( ≤ ) - .: " , . - , - . , 5 Î , = 5 $ ( < 5) - ;
$ ( ≤ ) - : " , ". - .
7. D(x, ) - " ", ( ) N. .
> :
" D(x, ) ( ) " N N"; = 1;
$ D(x, ) - " , y', , N;
" D(,) " y, , N;
$ D(x, ) - " , ", ;
"x "y D(x, ); "y "x D(x, ) - " " ;
$ $ D(x, ); $ $ D(x, ) - " , ", ;
$ "y D(x, ) - " , ", ;
"y $ D(, ) - " , ", ;
"x $ D(, ) - " , ", ;
$ "x D(x, ) - " , ", ( ).
8. :
a)"y"z$x(x,y,z);
) "x "y "z "u ((, , z) & (, , ) E(z, u)), , - , N? ? , .
6. (x): 2 + +1 > 0 Q(x): 2 - 4 + 3 = 0, R. , :
1) xP(x); 2) xP(x); 3) xQ(x); 4) xQ(x).
. 2 + + 1 = >0 , x () ().
2 - 4 + 3 = 0 = 3 2 =1. <?() 1 =3 =1 . x Q(x) , Q(x) .
7. Q{ x, y): N×N. , y xQ(x, y) x yQ(x, y) .
. x x Q(x,) , , , .
Q(x, y) , , . , , .
3.7. = {1,2,3,...,20} :
(): 5;
(): x - ;
(x): x - ;
D(x): x 3.
:
1) ()&(); 2) ()&();
3) C(x)& D(x); 4) B(x)& D(x);
5) 6)
7) 8) A(x)& B(x)& D(x);
9) 10)
15) 16)
17) 18)
19) 20)
8.2 .
:
, q, r,... - , : 1 - , 0 - .
- *, , ,..., : x 0, 0, z0,... - , ;
(), F () - ; Q (,,...,), R( ,,...,) - n- . 0(), Q0( ,,,) - .
: &, v, ,-.
: x, x.
6. : , .
1. ( ).
, , .
f (,,,) - n- , x1, x2, , xn - , , F (x1,x2,..., xn) .
. 1 2 .
- , , , , A v B, &, → . , , , , , .
- , - , .
() - , , x () x () , .
.
, , , .