.
, (OH), .
R OH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
-1 (1- )
HO R OH HO CH2 CH2 OH
-1,2
, , (OH).
():
I. (R):
() (CH3CH2)
() (CH2=CH, CH≡C ..)
(C6H5CH2−).
II. , .. ( ):
:
- ()
- ..
III. , :
( , ),
( , ),
( , ).
, , , :
OH O
/ //
RCH → RC + H2O
\ \
OH H
, , .
, - , .. , (, 2=͖), :
) −
CH3−CH=CHOH → CH3CH2−CH=O
)
CH2=COH → CH3C=O
| |
CH3 CH3
.
- , , . , , , -. -, - .. ( ). - (, ). , ( ). , (2).
|
|
( ) | , | |
CH3−OH | ||
CH3CH2−OH | ||
CH3CH2CH2−OH | -1 | -1 |
CH3CH2CH2CH2−OH | -1 ( ) | -1 |
CH3−CH2−CH(OH)CH3 | -1 ( ) | -2 |
(CH3)2CHCH2−OH | 2--1 | 2---1 |
CH3−(CH3)C(OH) CH3 | 2--2 ( ) | 2---2 |
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2−OH | -1 | -1 |
CH2=CH−OH | ||
C6H5CH2−OH | ||
HO−CH2CH2−OH | -1,2 | |
HO−CH2−CH(OH)CH2−OH | -1,2,3 |
.
- , C3
3 2 1 3 2 1
CH3CH2CH2−OH CH3CHOH
|
CH3
2-
. ( )
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
CH2=CHCH2CH2−OH CH3CH=CHCH2−OH
-3-1 -2-1
.
3 2 1 3 2 1
CH2CH2CH2−OH CH3CHCH2−OH
| |
Cl Cl
3--1 2--1
. ()
3 2 1 3 2 1
CH2CH2CH2−OH CH3CHCH3
|
OH
-1( ) -2 ( )
- .
- ( )
4 3 2 1
CH3CH=CHCH2−OH
H3C CH2−OH H CHO
\ / \ /
C = C C = C
/ \ / \
H H H3C H
--2-1 --2-1
- :
) , C2
3 2 1
CH3CH2CH2−OH CH3OCH2−CH3
-1
4. .
, ( 1225) . . , () , ( R, 9 , ), . .
, , , , , . . , .
- .
- - -H─O - - - H─O - - - H─O - - -
| | |
R R R
, , , t. +78 , t. 88,63 ; t. +117,4 0,5 . , , ; .
|
|
, , . , , , .
, , − . - , − . .
.
1. ( )
CH3−CH2−Cl + NaOH → CH3−CH2−OH + NaCl
Cl−CH2−CH2−Cl + 2NaOH → HO−CH2−CH2−OH + NaCl
2. ( H2SO4 )
H2C=CH2 + HOH → CH3−CH2−OH,
CH3−HC=CH2 + HOH → CH3−CH2−CH2−OH
3. ( ) ( )
3= + 2 → 32−−,
3(=)−CH3 + 2 → 3(−)−CH3.
4. :
)
CO + 2H2 → CH3OH
) ()
C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + CO2↑
, - , , . , , - . , : , , ..
) (-1,2) , , KMnO4,
CH2=CH2 + [O] + H2O → HO−CH2−CH2−OH
3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O → 3 HO−CH2CH2−OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
) (-1,2,3)
CH2−O−C(=O)−R CH2−OH
| |
CH−O−C(=O)−R + 3NaOH ↔ CH−OH + Na−O−C(=O)−R
| |
CH2−O−C(=O)−R CH2−OH
) , .
CH3 | CH || CH2 | + Cl2 | CH2−Cl | CH || CH2 | + NaOH | CH2−OH | CH || CH2 | + HO−OH | CH2−OH | CH−OH | CH−OH |
→ | → | → | ||||
− HCl | − NaCl | (WO3) |