| : | " " | |
| : | " " | |
| : . .-21 | .. _________________ |
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, 2017 .
: .
: , , , , , H, .
: Zn(), ZnSO4, CH3COONa, C2O4(NH4), Na2CO3, NaCl, NH4Cl.
: NaOH(0,1 . ), HCl(0,1 . ), CH3COOH(0,1 . ), NH3. H2O, NH4Cl.
.
. :
AB↔A++B-
, .
- .
α - , , :
α .
α = 0, ; α = 1 α = 100 % . α< 3%, ; α> 30%, ; α : 3 < α< 30%, .
, , , α.
:
+B-+xH2O↔A+(H2O)a+B-(H2O)b
, , .
:
,
[+], [B-] [] - + - ( /) ( /).
, . α .
1. .
: 1 . , .
|
|
|
: , .
NH4Cl + NaOH = NH4OH + NaCl
NH4OH=NH+ + OH-
: .
3. .
: 2 2 pH. , . pH-.
: pH 12. , pH 11.
: NH4OH=NH4+ + OH-
+
NH4Cl=NH4+ + Cl-
-, pH. , .
5. .
: 5 1 , : , , , , . pH .
: pH - 7;
8;
5,5;
10;
8;
7.
: 1)CH3COOHNa + H2O = CH3COOH + NaOH
Na
CH3COO
CH3COONa + HO = 3 + Na
2) 2ZnSO4 + H2O = (ZnOH)2SO4 + H2SO4
Zn-
-
2ZnSO4 + 2HOH = (ZnOH)2SO4 + H2SO4
Zn2+ +H2O ⇄ ZnOH- + H+
3) Na2CO3+ H2O = NaHCO3+ NaOH
NaOH
H2CO3
Na2CO3 + H2O ↔ NaOH + NaHCO3
CO32- + H2O ↔ OH- + HCO3-
4)2(NH4)2C2O4+ 2H2O =H2C2O4 + (NH4OH)2C2O4
(NH4OH)2C2O4+ 2HOH = H2C2O4+ 2NH4OH
5) NaCl
Na
NaCl + H2O ↛
: .
| .. ( . .. ) |
| " " | |
| "" |
| : | " " | |
| : | "" | |
| : . .-21 | .. _________________ |
| : | .. _________________ |
| () : | ||
| (): | ||
, 2017 .
|
| .. ( . .. ) |
| " " | |
| "" |
|
|
|
| : | " " | |
| : | " , , , , ." | |
| : . .-21 | .. _________________ |
| : | .. _________________ |
| () : | ||
| (): | ||
, 2017 .
