1. the party / Linda / to / come / might / tonight.
2. round / work / have to / farmers / the year / all.
3. you / not / hospital / noise / must / make / in.
4. the light / I / switch / may / on?
5. your / look / could / passport / I / at?
6. my / cook / can / quite / wife / well.
7. catch / last / able to / we / were / train / the.
8. not / jeans / you / must / wear / to / school.
9. didn’t / you / drink / have to / much / yesterday / so.
10. ought to / bill / Robert / the electricity / pay / today.
11. better / we / find / a / should / job.
12. too much / you / salt / and / eat / sugar / shouldn’t.
13. do / get / to / Turkey / I / have to / a visa?
14. he / manners / improve / his / needs to.
15. needn’t / you / complain.
Reported Speech (Непрямая/косвенная речь)
Понятие «косвенная речь» относится к предложениям, сообщающим нам информацию со слов другого человека. Такие предложения почти всегда употребляются в разговорном английском.
В случае если глагол, передающий нам слова говорящего, стоит в форме прошедшего времени (т.е. said, told), то часть предложения, которая собственно содержит слова говорящего, также будет в форме прошедшего времени. Таким образом, мы как бы делаем «шаг назад» (на одно время назад) от формы глагола в начальном предложении.
| Пример: | He said the test was difficult. | Он сказал, что тест был сложный |
| She said she watched TV every day. | Она сказала, что смотрела телевизор каждый день | |
| Jack said he came to school every day. | Джек сказал, что ходил в школу каждый день |
Когда мы преобразуем предложение из прямой речи в косвенную речь, зачастую необходимо заменить местоимение, чтобы оно совпадало по форме с подлежащим.
| Пример: | She said, “ I want to bring my children.” → She said she wanted to bring her children. |
| Jack said, “ My wife went with me to the show.” → Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show. |
Также важно заменять наречия времени и места, чтобы они совпадали с моментом речи.
today, tonight → that day, that night
tomorrow → the day after / the next day / the following day
yesterday → the day before / the previous day
now → then / at that time / immediately
this week → that week
next week → the week after / the following week
last week → the week before / the previous week
ago → before
here → there
| Пример: | She said, “I want to bring my children tomorrow. ” → She said she wanted to bring her children the next day. |
| Jack said, “My wife went with me to the show yesterday. ” → Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before. |
Когда мы при помощи косвенной речи передаем вопросы, особое внимание нужно обращать на соединительные союзы и порядок слов в предложении. Порядок слов в косвенном вопросе должен быть прямым, т.е., подлежащее + сказуемое, нельзя вспомогательный глагол ставить перед подлежащим, как в обычных вопросительных предложениях.
· Когда мы передаем общие вопросы, подразумевающие ответ «да» или «нет», мы соединяем собственно вопрос со словами автора при помощи ‘ if ’.
· Если же мы передаем вопросы, использующие вопросительные слова (why, where, when и т.д.), мы используем это вопросительное слово.
| Пример: | She asked, “ Do you want to come with me?” → She asked me if I wanted to come with her. |
| Dave asked, “ Where did you go last weekend?” → Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend. |
В данной таблице представлены изменения, происходящие при преобразовании предложений из прямой речи в косвенную, используя форму прошедшего времени глагола, передающего нам слова говорящего. Обращаем Ваше внимание на то, Simple past, present perfect и past perfect → past perfect в косвенной речи.
| ПРЯМАЯ РЕЧЬ | КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ |
| SIMPLE PRESENT → SIMPLE PAST | |
| “I work in Google.” “I don’t work in Yahoo.” “I am a construction engineer.” “I’m not an accountant.” | He said he worked in Google. He said he didn’t work in Yahoo. He said he was a construction engineer. He said he wasn’t an accountant. |
| PRESENT CONTINUOUS → PAST CONTINUOUS | |
| “I’m cleaning my flat today.” “I’m not going to the office today.” “Mary is singing in the show.” “She isn’t dancing in the show.” | He said he was cleaning his flat that day. He said he wasn’t going to the office that day. Lee said that Mary was singing in the show. He said she wasn’t dancing in the show. |
| PRESENT PERFECT → PAST PERFECT | |
| “I’ve already read that book.” “I haven’t heard of that film before.” “Gary has called yesterday.” “He hasn’t left any messages.” | She said she had already read that book. She said she hadn’t heard of that film before. Jack said Gary had called the previous day. He said Gary hadn’t left any messages. |
| PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS → PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |
| “Jeff has been running.” “He hasn’t been working.” “Celine and Lee have been walking through the forest.” “They haven’t been shopping.” | She said Jeff had been running. She said he hadn’t been working. Ling said they had been walking through the forest. She said they hadn’t been shopping |
| SIMPLE PAST → PAST PERFECT | |
| “I saw my ex-boyfriend.” “I didn’t see the robbery.” “I arrived on time.” “I wasn’t late.” | She said she had seen her ex-boyfriend. She said she hadn’t seen the robbery. He said he had arrived on time. He said he hadn’t been late. |
| МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ PRESENT MODALS → PAST MODALS | |
| “I will mop the floor.” “I won’t come.” | She said she would mop the floor. He said he wouldn’t come. |
| “I can run fast.” “I can’t play chess.” | He said he could run fast. He said he couldn’t play chess. |
| “There may be a traffic jam.” “There may not be any sugar left.” | She said there might be a traffic jam. She said there might not be any sugar left. |
| HAVE TO / HAS TO и MUST → HAD TO | |
| “I have to clean the flat.” “I don’t have to clean the garage.” | He said he had to clean the flat. He said he didn’t have to clean the garage. |
| “Sara has to go to hospital today.” “She doesn’t have to go to work.” | Peter said Sara had to go to hospital that day. He said she didn’t have to go to work |
| “I must go to the dentist.” | She said she had to go to the dentist. |
| СЛЕДУЩИЕ МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ НЕ МЕНЯЮТ СВОЕЙ ФОРМЫ: would, could, might, ought to, should | |
| “I would like a cup of coffee.” | He said he would like a cup of coffee. |
| “I couldn’t be at the wedding ceremony.” | She said she couldn’t be at the wedding ceremony. |
| “It might snow today.” | The weatherman said it might snow that day. |
| “You really ought to do the test.” | The teacher said I really ought to do the test. |
| “You should be nicer to your step-brother.” | My dad said I should be nicer to my step-brother. |
Exercises
1) Измените прямую речь на косвенную. Используйте ‘She said’ в начале каждого предложения.
1) "He works in a bank"
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2) "We went out last night"
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3) "I'm coming!"
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4) "I was waiting for the bus when he arrived"
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5) "I'd never been there before"
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6) "I didn't go to the party"
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7) "Lucy will come later"
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8) "He hasn't eaten breakfast"
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9) "I can help you tomorrow"
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10) "You should go to bed early"
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11) "I don't like chocolate"
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12) "I won't see you tomorrow"
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13) "She's living in Paris for a few months"
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14) "I visited my parents at the weekend"
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15) "She hasn't eaten sushi before"
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16) "I hadn't travelled by underground before I came to London"
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17) "They would help if they could"
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18) "I'll do the washing-up later"
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19) "He could read when he was three"
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20) "I was sleeping when Julie called"
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2) Измените прямую речь на косвенную. Общие вопросы. Используйте ‘She asked me’ в начале каждого предложения.
1) "Is John at home?"
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2) "Am I late?"
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3) "Is it cold outside?"
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4) "Are they in Paris?"
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5) "Is the bus stop near the shopping centre?"
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6) "Is the milk fresh?"
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7) "Are you a doctor?"
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8) "Are James and Lucy from France?"
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9) "Is my brother in the garden?"
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10) "Is the weather good in Shanghai in the summer?"
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11) "Does Julie drink tea?"
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12) "Do you like chocolate?"
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13) "Do they own a flat?"
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14) "Does David go to the cinema often?"
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15) "Do the children study Chinese?"
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16) "Do they go on holiday every summer?"
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17) "Does your sister live in Stockholm?"
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18) "Do I talk too much?"
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19) "Does Jennifer want a new job?"
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20) "Does it rain a lot in London?"
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3) Измените прямую речь на косвенную. Специальные вопросы. Используйте ‘She asked me’ в начале каждого предложения.
1) "Where is the post office?"
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2) "Why is Julie sad?"
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3) "What's for dinner?"
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4) "Who is the woman in the red dress?"
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5) "How is your grandmother?"
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6) "When is the party?"
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7) "How much is the rent on your flat?"
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8) "Where are the glasses?"
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9) "How is the weather in Chicago?"
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10) "Who is the Prime Minister of Canada?"
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11) "Where do you usually go swimming?"
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12) "What does Luke do at the weekend?"
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13) "Where do your parents live?"
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14) "Who do you go running with?"
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15) "When does Lucy get up?"
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16) "How much TV do you watch?"
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17) "How many books do they own?"
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18) "Where does John work?"
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19) "What do the children study on Fridays?"
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20) "Why do you study English?"
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4) Измените прямую речь на косвенную. Используйте ‘She asked me’ в начале каждого предложения.
1) "Where is he?"
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2) "What are you doing?"
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3) "Why did you go out last night?"
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4) "Who was that beautiful woman?"
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5) "How is your mother?"
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6) "What are you going to do at the weekend?"
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7) "Where will you live after graduation?"
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8) "What were you doing when I saw you?"
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9) "How was the journey?"
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10) "How often do you go to the cinema?"
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11) "Do you live in London?"
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12) "Did he arrive on time?"
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13) "Have you been to Paris?"
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14) "Can you help me?"
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15) "Are you working tonight?"
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16) "Will you come later?"
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17) "Do you like coffee?"
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18) "Is this the road to the station?"
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19) "Did you do your homework?"
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20) "Have you studied reported speech before?"
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