. a1, 2,, k, b1,b2,,bm. , n ( 2)
‑
2.
.
1 | 2 | j | ak | ||||
b1 | y111, y112,, y11n | y211, y212,, y21n | yi11, yi12,, yi1n | yk11, yk12,, yk1n | B1 | ||
b2 | y121, y122,, y12n | y221, y222,, y22n | yi21, yi22,, yi2n | yk21, yk22,, yk2n | B2 | ||
bj | y1j1, y1j2,, y1nj | y2j1, y2j2,, y2jn | yij1, yij2,, yijn | ykj1, ykj2,, ykjn | Bj | ||
bm | y1m1, y1m2,, y1mn | y2m1, y2m2,, y2mn | yim1, yim2,, yimn | ykm1, ykm2,, ykmn | Bm | ||
A1 | A2 | Ai | Ak |
N=nkm. :
yijq=μ+αi+βj+αiβj+εijq (1.28)
,
‑
μ ;
αi i - , i=1,2,,k;
βj j - j=1,2,, m;
αiβi .
ij- (11.28), εijq(q=1,2,,n) ( ). , , εijq σ2. , , :
yij=μ+αi+βj+εij (1.29)
:
3.
.
1 | 2 | k | |||
b1 | y11 | y21 | yk1 | 1 | |
b2 | y12 | y22 | yk2 | 2 | |
bm | y1m | y2m | ykm | m | |
A1 | A2 | Ak |
4.
( ).
k-1 | SSA=SS2-SS4 | sA2=SSA(k-1) | mσA2+σ2 | |
m-1 | SSB=SS3-SS4 | s2=SSB(m-1) | kσB2+σ2 | |
(k-1)(m-1) | SS=SS1-SS2-SS3+SS4 | s2=SSk-1(m-1) | σ2 | |
km-1 | SS=SS1-SS4 | - | - |
, , y .
(1.29) , . σ2. , σ2 , , , . σ2, , σ2. σ2 .
|
|
n . , 2 , i - j - yij1, yij2,, yijn. ‑
yij .
sij2=1n-1i=1n(yiju-yij)2 (1.58)
n-1 . ,
s2=1mki=1kj=1msij2 (1.59)
σ2. s2 mk(n-1).
5.
( ).
k-1 | SSA=SS2-SS4 | sA2=SSA(k-1) | mnσA2+nσAB2+σ2 | |
m-1 | SS=SS3-SS4 | s2=SS(m-1) | mkσB2+nσAB2+σ2 | |
(k-1)(m-1) | SSAB=SS-SSA-SSB-SS | s2=SSABk-1(m-1) | nσAB2+σ2 | |
() | mk(n-1) | SS=SS1-i=1kj=1myij2n | s2=SSmk(n-1) | σ2 |
mkn-1 | SS=SS1-SS4 |
‑
^ 4. . -- .
^ N ( ) . n , N-n2. . (). , , ()
‑
. , . , . , , . n . N :
N=n3 (1.82)
, , . n×n , n ( ) , . 3×3:
ABCBCACAB
4×4:
|
|
ABCDBCDACDABDABC
, ( ) ( ). : , .. . n×n n-1 . ‑
n>3 . , 576 4×4, 161280 5×5.
, . . . (ai, bi, ci).
. . . , .
, , :
yijq=μ+αi+βj+γq+αiβj+αiγq+βjγq+αiβjγq+εijq (1.83)
(1.83) . , :
- ;
- ;
- .
, . :
yijq=μ+αi+βj+γq+εijq (1.84)
6.
3×3.
‑
b1 | b2 | b3 | ||
1 | c1 y1 | c2 y2 | c3 y3 | 1 |
2 | c2 y4 | c3 y5 | c1 y6 | 2 |
3 | c3 y7 | c1 y6 | c2 y9 | 3 |
1 | 2 | 3 |
6 3×3.
3×3 1/3 33. n×n 1/n n 3.
. : 1. Ai, Bj q. , 6 3×3
A1=y1+y2+y3; A2=y4+y5+y6; A3=y7+y8+y9;
:
B1=y1+y4+y7; B2=y2+y5+y8; B3=y3+y6+y9;
1=y1+y6+y8; 2=y2+y4+y9; 3=y3+y5+y7;
2.
- , . , .. . , . , ( ), .
|
|
. - . , , n2, D. , C D, n n D C D . , .
, :
‑
I II
^ ABCDECDEABEABCDBCDEADEABC αβγδεδεαβγβγδεαεαβγδγδεαβ (1.100)
, , , :
^ AαBβCγDδEεCδDεEαAβBγEβAγδBCεDαBεCαDβEγAδDγEδAεBαCβ (1.101)
. . - . . n =3, 4, 5, 7, 8 9. , n =6. n =6 . n=10 . k=n-1 , . , n=p ( - ) n=pα ( ). n=p ( ) , .
- . .
‑
- - C D. - .
- n2 n4 . - 1/n2 .
- , , D ( ). n-1. . , , , (n-1)(n-3). , , n n - . -- .
|
|
n n+1 . . .
, - , . , , .
.
, . , ‑
, . , , : . , . , .
, , .
. - , . . , , .
- , .
, - , . , . , , , .
‑
.
1. .. .. .: 1978.
2. .. .: 2002.
3. .. .: 2003.
4. : . .., .. : 2004.
5. .. - .: 1977.
6. .. - .: 1971
:
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2. http://go.mail.ru
3. http://ru.wikipedia.org