1. .
. NH4Cl() → NH3() + + HCl().
∆ H 0298 () = ∑(n' ∆ fH 0298) − ∑(n'' ∆ fH 0298) =
= ∆ H 0298(NH3)() + ∆ H 0298(HCl)() - ∆ H 0298(NH4Cl)().
∆ H 0298,
∆ H 0298() = (-46,2 92,2) (-314,2) = + 175 .
, NH4Cl .
NH4Cl() → NH3() + HCl() - 175 .
2. () + ½2() = () 20º 108,9 . .
.
V = const (QV =∆U) = const (Q = ∆ H) ∆ H = ∆ U + ∆V. :
∆ n = 1 - ½ = ½ ().
= 293 , R = 8,314 /·, , = const
∆ H = ∆U + ∆ n R T = - 108,9+1/28,314 /103293 = - 107,68 .
3. Fe2O3 Fe2O3() + 3H2() = 2Fe() + 3H2O()? ?
.
∆ G 0298
, ∆GT () =
= ∆ HT () − T ∆ S (). ∆ H 0298 ∆ S 0298 , , .
∆ H 0298() =
= ∑(n' ∆ fH 0298) − ∑(n'' ∆ fH 0298),
∆ H 0298() = 3∆H0298 (H2O)() ∆ H 0298(Fe2O3)() = 3 (-285,8) (-822,0)=
= - 857,4 + 822,0 = - 35,4 .
∆ H 0298 (H2)() = 0 ∆ H 0298 (Fe)() = 0.
∆ S 0298()= ∑(n'S 0298) − ∑(n''S 0298),
∆ S 0298() =[3 S 0298(H2O)() + 2 S 0298(Fe)()] - [ S 0298 (Fe2O3)() +
+ 3 S 0298(H2)()] = (370,1 + 22,27) - (87,0 + 3130,5) = - 213,8 /.
∆ G 0298 = ∆ H 0298 − T ∆ S 0298 = - 35,4 + 213,810-3298 = 28,34 .
∆ G Fe2O3 .
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∆ S. -
, ∆ S 0298 < 0, , ∆ G = ∆ H − T ∆ S − T ∆ S > 0. ∆ G, , .
4. , .
1. :
Al2O3 () + 3SO3 () = Al2(SO4)3 ().
Al2O3 () | SO3 () | Al2(SO4)3 () | |
D f 0298, / | 1676,1 | 395,9 | 3442,8 |
. .
D r 0298=(1×D f 0Al2(SO4)3)(1×D f 0Al2O3 + 3×D f 0SO3 ) =
=1 (3442,8) [1 (1676,1) + 3(395,9)] = 579 [].
2. :
CH4 () + CO2 () = 2 CO () + 2H2 ().
CH4 () | CO2 () | CO () | H2 () | |
D f 0298, / | 74,85 | 393,51 | 110,5 |
. .
D r 0298=(2×D f 0CO + 2×D f 0H2)(1 D f 0CH4 + 1 D f 0CO2) =
=[2 (110,5) + 2×0] [1 (74,85) + 1 (393,51)] = 247,36 [].
5. , . :
CH3COOH() + C2H5OH() = CH3COOC2H5() + H2().
CH3COOH() | C2H5OH() | CH3COOC2H5() | H2() | |
D c 0298, / | 873,79 | 1366,91 | 2254,21 |
. .
D r 0298 =(1 D c 0 + 1 D c 0)(1 D c 0 + 1 D c 0H2O) =
= [1 (873,79) +1 (1366,91)] [1 (2254,21)+ 1×0] = 13,51[].
6. :
CH4 () + CO2 () = 2CO () + 2H2 ().
CH4 () | CO2 () | CO () | 2H2 () | |
S 0298, /× | 186,27 | 213,66 | 197,55 | 130,52 |
. D r S 0298=(ån i S 0298 i )(ån i iS 0298 i ). ,
D r S 0298 = (2×197,55 + 2×130,52) (1×186,27 + 1×213,66) = 256,21 [/K].
7. :
CaO() + H2O() = Ca(OH)2().
CaO() | H2O() | Ca(OH)2() | |
D fG 0298, / | 603,46 | 237,23 | 897,52 |
D fH 0298, / | 635,09 | 285,83 | 985,12 |
S 0298, /× | 38,07 | 69,95 | 83,39 |
. (D rG 0 < 0).
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1. DfG 0 , :
D r G 0298 = (å n i D fG 0 i) (å n i D fG 0 i). ,
D r G 0298 = (1(897,52)) [1(603,46) + 1(237,23)] = 56,83 ().
, .
2. :
D r G 0298 = D r 0298 298 D r S 0298,
D r 0298 = (å n i D f 0298 i ) (å n i D f 0298 i ). ,
D r S 0298 = (ån i S 0298 i ) (ån i S 0298 i ) . ,
D r 0298 = (1(985,12)) (1(635,09) + 1(285,83)) = 64,2 (),
D r S 0298 = (1×83,39) (1×38,07 + 1×69,95) = 24,63 (/K),
D r G 0298 = 64,2 298(24,63×10-3) = 56,86 ().
, , ( ).
8. ( ) , ( ):
Hg() + ½ O2() = HgO().
Hg() | O2() | HgO() | |
D fH 0298, / | 90,88 | ||
S 0298, /× | 75,90 | 205,04 | 70,29 |
. =298 :
D r G 0() D r 0298 D r S0298,
D r 0298 = (å n i D f 0298 i ) (å n i D f 0298 i ). ,
D r S 0298 = (ån i S 0298 i ) (ån i S 0298 i ) . ,
D r 0298 = 1(90,88) (1×0 +½×0) = 90,88 /,
D r S 0298 = 1×70,29 (1×75,90 +½×205,04) = 108,13 /×K,
D r G 0298 = 90,88 298(108,13×10-3) = 58,65 /.
D rG 0298 < 0, .
, . , D rG 0() D r 0 D r S 0 > 0, = 840,47 .
1. , .. . .: , 2000.
2. , .., .. / . .. . .: , 2001.
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