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, , . , . . , () ( , ).

19 . . . . , , , N ( ), :

1) N 1, ;

2) n n, n;

: , n, n.

3) 1 () , n, n = 1;

4) n n, m, n m ;

5) - 1 (). , , n, , n , , .

.

+, :

6) n + 1 = n;

7) n + m = (n + m);

∙, :

8) n ∙ 1 = n;

9) n ∙ m = n ∙ m + n.

:

1) (n + m) + k = n + (m + k) n, m, k ( );

2) n + m = m + n n, m ( ).

:

1) (n ∙ m) ∙ k = n ∙ (m ∙ k) n, m, k ();

2) n ∙ m = m ∙ n n, m ();

, , , :

n ∙ (m + k) = n ∙ m + n ∙ k n, m, k ( ).

, , , . , , , : 2 ∙ 2 = 4?

. , 2 + 2 = 4.

.

:

2 + 2 = 2 + 1 = [ 7] (2 + 1) = [ 6] (2) = 3 = 4.

., 2 ∙ 2 = 4.

. :

2 ∙ 2 = 2 ∙ 1 = [ 9] 2 ∙ 1 + 2 = [ 8] 2 + 2.

, 2 + 2 = 4. , , 2 ∙ 2 4!

 

, , 2, 3 , . , . , , . , , .





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