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- | (. .) | - | ||
(At night) Yesterday | Children All people Sleep An economist He Plans I | Sleep need gives plans must make increase gave | sleep rest. production. plans. production. him a book | long. (at night). yesterday. |
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ACTIVE VOICE.
SIMPLE | CONTINUOUS | PERFECT | PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |
PRESENT | V1(s); DO / DOESV1 | AM / IS / ARE + V ing | HAVE / HAS + V3 (-ed) | HAVE / HAS BEEN + V-ing |
PAST | V2(-ed); DID V1 | WAS / WERE + V ing | HAD + V3 (-ed) | HAD BEEN + V ing |
FUTURE | WILL + V1 | WILL BE +V-ing | WILL HAVE + V3 (-ed) | WILL HAVE BEEN + Ving |
FUTURE in the PAST | WOULD +V1 | WOULD BE + V ing | WOULD HAVE + V3 | WOULD HAVE BEEN + V-ing |
INFINITIVE | TO + V1 | TO BE + V ing | TO HAVE + V3 (-ed) | TO HAVE BEEN + V-ing |
?; always, often, never, every day | At 5 o`clock; from 4 to 5 p.m.; for 2 hours; today; this week; now, still. | By 5 o`clock; just, already, yet, since, this week; when she came; for | Just, already, yet; by that time + for two hours; since 1990;For an hour + when she came |
I ask.
I ask.
I am asked.
(be) V3
-,,,, -,- ,
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1. (There ) There are books on the table. .
2. (to be Present, Past Simple Active Voice) Your flat is comfortable. . Your friend is an engineer. .
3. (V Present, Past Simple Active Voice) You work at a plant. . He works at a plant. . She worked at a plant. .
4. . He has been working here for 2 years. 2 .
1. , yes no.
1.) Is there ?
Are there ?
e.g. Are there any books on the table?
2) to be, to have
- | |||
Is Is | your flat your friend | comfortable? an engineer? |
3.) Present Simple, Past Simple A.V.
V1 | |||
Do Does Did | you he she | work | at a plant? |
4.)
Has | he | been working | here for 2 years? |
2. .
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1. Are there books or magazines on the table?
2. Is your flat comfortable or comfortless?
3. Do you work at a plant or at school?
4. Has he been working here for 2 or 3 years?
3. - - . (who, what, when, where, why ..).
- | - | |||
Where How good | are is | there your flat? | books? |
- | V1 | |||
Where | do does did | you he she | work? |
- | ||||
How long | has | he | been working | here? |
4. - .
( ) | ||
What Who Who | is works has been working | comfortable? at a plant? here for 2 years? |
, | not | () | |||
There Your flat You He She He | are is work works worked has been working | books on the table, comfortable, at a plant, here for 2 years, | are is do does did has | not not not not not not | there? it? you? he? she? he? |
PASSIVE VOICE
SIMPLE | CONTINUOUS | PERFECT | |
PRESENT | AM / IS / ARE + V3 | AM /IS/ARE BEING+ V3 | HAVE/HAS BEEN + V3 |
PAST | WAS / WERE + V3 | WAS/WERE BEING+ V3 | HAD BEEN + V3 |
FUTURE | WILL BE + V3 | WILL HAVE BEEN + V3 | |
FUTURE in the PAST | WOULD BE + V3 | WOULD HAVE BEEN + V3 | |
INFINITIVE | TO BE + V3 | TO BE BEING + V3 | TO HAVE BEEN + V3 |
Present Simple | New houses are built every year. | . |
Present Continuous | A new house is being built now. | . |
Present Perfect | The new house has been built already. | . |
Past Simple | This house was built a year ago. | . |
Past Continuous | This house was being builtwhen I moved into this region. | , . |
Past Perfect | This house had been built before I moved into this region. | , . |
Future Simple | This house will be built next year. | . |
Future Perfect | This house will have been built before 2024. | 2024 . |
Future in the past Simple | He said this house would be built next year. | , . |
Future in the past Perfect | He said this house would have been built before 2024. | , 2024 . |
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Exercise 1. . , .
1) Tom offered me a job.
2) Someone has shown Tom the new apartment.
3) The boss pays Tom $100 every week.
4) They asked me difficult questions at the exam.
5) Sasha is telling Tom a joke.
6) We often speak about her.
7) The doctor will operate on him in a week.
8) Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention.
9) The boys will paint the roof of the house.
10) They are preparing a report now.
11) By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees.
12) They have forgotten the story.
Exercise 2. , Active Passive Voice.
1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday.
2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow.
3. He (to give) me this book next week.
4. A huge plant recently (to build) in this town.
5. They (to look) for the girl everywhere now.
6. A friend of his just (to show) me an interesting magazine.
7. Your dress (not to iron) yet.
8. This letter (to receive) after his departure.
9. By three oclock everything (to prepare).
10. He (to give) my brother English lessons.
Exercise 3. , . 5 .
Automation.
Automation is often referred to as a new subject and its various aspects have not yet all been given adequate attention. Thus, for example, its commercial aspects have been only recently appreciated. Many problems arising from the impact of automation on national and world economy have not even been dealt with. It is, therefore, of paramount importance that the general public should be informed both of its technological and social aspects.
There is hardly any aspect of human life that will not be affected by the changes that automation will bring about. Unfortunately, there is relatively little factual material available for analyzing the consequences of automation. Indeed, most economists are not yet fully aware of the problems that may arise in the process of automation. The effect of these developments on the trend of prices, capital investments and balance of payments have not yet been fully appreciated. These subjects should be adequately dealt with in the foreseeable future.
Modal Verbs.
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Infinitive.
Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
Simple | to V1 | to be V3 |
Continuous | to be Ving | - |
Perfect | to have V3 | to have been V3 |
Perfect Continuous | to have been Ving | - |
Simple Infinitive
Present | Past | Future | |
can , to be able to | can , am/ is / are able to | could , was / were able to | will be able to , |
may , to be allowed to to be permitted to | may , am/is/are allowed to am/is/are permitted to | might , was/were allowed to was/were permitted to | will be allowed to will be permitted to - , |
must ( ; mustn't - ) to have to to be obliged to | must am/is/are obliged to | had to was /were obliged to | will have to will be obliged to |
to have to , ( ) | have / has to , | had to , | will have to , |
to be to , ( ) | am/is/are to | was/were to |
Simple Infinitive to be; Cont. Inf.; Perfect Inf.; Perfect Cont. Infinitive.
Simple to be, Continuous | Perfect, Perfect Continuous | |
Must , | He must be at home. , . He must be living in Moscow. , . | He must have done all work. , . |
May/might , | He may be at home. , . He may be living in Moscow. , . | He may have done all work. , . |
Can`t/ couldn't`t , | He can`t be at home. , . He can`t be living in Moscow. , . | He can`t have done all work. , . He can't have failed to do all work. |
Can?/Could?- ? | Can he be at home? ? Can he be living in Moscow? ? | Can he have done all work? ? Can he have failed to do all work? |
To be to | Perf. Inf. They were to have met at the theatre. . |
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Simple, Continuous Infinitive | Perfect, Perfect Continuous | |
Should | You should call on him. . (, ) | You should have called on him. . ( , ) |
Ought to | You ought to visit your parents. . (, ) | You ought to have helped her. Her bags were too heavy.- . . (, ) |
Needn`t | You needn`t call on him. - . ( ) | You needn`t have called on him. . (, , ) |
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. .. not . . . .
He can not swim.
He can swim.
Can he swim?
How well can he swim?
Who can swim?
Can he swim or run?
He can swim, can not he?
Will he be able to lift this box?
Are they to meet at the station?
To have to
I have to
He has to get up at 6 a.m.
I had to
I don't have to get up at 6 a.m. Do you have to get up at 6 a.m?
He doesn't have to get up at 6 a.m. Does he have to get up at 6 a.m?
I didnt have to get up at 6 a.m. Did he have to get up at 6 a.m?