and memorize them:
1. to magnify (v), magnifier (n), magnification (n)
2. to increase (v), increase (n), increasing (adj), increasingly (adv)
3. to decrease (v), decrease (n)
4. to inspire (v), inspiration (n)
5. to graduate ((v), gradual (adj), gradually (adv)
6. to extend (v), extention (n), extensive (adj), extensively (adv)
7. to explore (v), explorer (n), exploration (n), explorative (adj)
8. vision (n), visionary (n) (adj), visibility (n), visible (adj)
9. to observe (v), observer (n), observatory (n), observant (adj), observance(n)
10. to reflect (v), reflector (n), reflection (n), reflective (adj)
11. to invent (v), inventor (n), invention (n), inventive (adj)
12. to appear (v), appearance (n) to disappear (v), disappearance (n)
I. Read the following words and guess their meaning:
Sphere, decade, lens, position, telescope, astronomy, fact, visual, professional,
limit, object. bacteria (pb). Cappilary, sperm, instrument, reflector, platform. Illustrate, film.
III. State to what part of the speech the words belong and translate them into
Russian; form the corresponding verbs:
Difference, assimilation, respiration, reproduction, organization, movement,
magnification, resemblance, relation.
II. Form the nouns corresponding to the following verbs:
To discover, to construct, to affect, to know, to develop, to vary, to divide, 'to
differ, to resemble, to observe, to suggest, to apply, to encourage, to agree, to magnify, to appear.
III. Underline the prefixes in the following words and translate them:
To discover, invisible, unknown, to exclude, indifferent, unnatural to mislead,
impossible, independent, irregular, nonliving, disorder; illegal.
VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the
emphatic construction "it is... that";
1. It was the electron microscope that finally revealed them as objects that could be seen.
2. It is the absence of vitamins that brings on diseases.
3. It is very important to begin the experiment in time.
4. It is the magnifying power of lenses that made it possible to see tiny things.
5. It was Carolous Linneus who suggested the first system of classification of living things.
6. It is necessary to use only very thin objects to see them under the microscope.
7. It was the new method of investigation that helped to finish the work so successfully.
8. Anton von Leeuwenhoek was the first man who penetrated through his lenses
into'the world of the microscope.
VII. Translate the text into Russian and then back into English, compare your
version wifh the original:
In science one of the most important discoveries having a great influence on the development of science was the fact that microscope has come into common use among scientists. The microscope gave scientists new power. Now they could see things that had been hidden. The first microscopes were very simple. They had ortly single lenses, some had double lenses with a tube between them. Anton von Leeuwenhoek was the first man who penetrated through these lenses into the mysterious world of the microbe. No one before his time had guessed that such tiny organisms existed.
VIII. Read the following text without a dictionary and define the main idea of
it:
By examining water from a lake or stream we will find that it is full of life. If you look carefully, you may find there the simplest animal, the ameba. It is a tiny mass of jelly usually about 1/50 of an inch long. The ameba is surrounded by a very thin cell membrane, which is quite elastic. At times, a part of the membrane will push out, forming a false foot. The rest of the ameba will then flow into it. In this way, the little animal moves slowly about in its watery world.
THE CELL
The unit of protoplasmtic organization is the cell. The word "cell" is not a very good choice in this connection, but it has significance in the history of biology. The name was given by Robert Hooke, one of the first scientists having used a newly developed biological tool, the microscope, to the tiny divisions that he saw in thin slices of cork. The cork slice, through his microscope, appeared to be made up of many small compartments, arranged in rows, and reminded him of monks cells in English monasteries. He therefore called each compartment a cell and the name has survived, although it does not accurately convey the picture of a living unit. What Hooke actually saw in the nonliving wall which had once surrounded the living protoplasm, was not the protoplasm itself. His microscopic studies of some other materials, such as feathers, fish scales, molds, snow crystals and fabrics, brought him closer to the sight of living cells but not close enough to see the living substance.
Observations of the classical microscopists and those of their successors on individual cells as parts of organisms, both plant and animal, led to one of the greatest and for a time most useful of biological generalizations, the cell theory. This concept was first brought to general attention in 1838.
It was a natural outcome of the many observations that had been made during the early part of the nineteenth and the preceding centuries. Briefly, it states that all organisms аrе composed of cells or of a single cell and that all cells, and hence all organisms, arise from the division of pre-existing cells. This theory was to biology, at that stage of its development, what Dalton's atomic theory was to chemistry.
EXERSISES
