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Who and when created genetically modified organisms (GMO)?




Transgenic foods were first developed by Monsanto Company (USA). The first transgenic crops were planted in 1988, and in 1993 first food products with GE ingredients appeared on the shelves of supermarkets. In late 1990s transgenic food came to the Russian market.

Why are GMO dangerous for human health?

Many scientists express their fear that GMO contribute to a risk of serious allergies, food poisoning, mutations and promote immunity against antibiotics.

Why are GM dangerous for the environment?

There is scientific evidence that GN crop production results in destruction of the whole groups of insects, appearance of new mutant weeds and insects, biological and chemical contamination of soils and gradual biodiversity loss, especially in the centers of cultivated crops.

Why are GMO dangerous for the Russian agriculture?

Releasing GMO in the Russian fields threatens, first, a decrease in species biodiversity; second, economic dependence on GM crops manufacturers and loss of an important Russian industryseed-farming; third, undermining food safety; and, fourth, worsening the environmental situation all over the country.

Are GMO allowed in Russia?

Yes, they are. In our country 13 GE ingredients are officially allowed for sale and food production, including baby food. The industrial GM production is banned and to get permission each species has to pass the environmental impact assessment.

How to identify GE food products?

According to the amendment to the law On Consumers Rights Protection of 2005, a product containing any amount of GE ingredients must have appropriate labeling. Labeling requirements and the control procedure havent been developed yet. This enables manufacturers to neglect labeling standards.

XII. Retell the following text in English.

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XIII. Talking points:

1. Genetically modified organism: its definition and history.

2. Methods of genetic modification.

3. The controversy

 

Unit 6

Gene Therapy

Altered Genes

Each of us carries about half a dozen defective genes. We remain blissfully unaware of this fact unless we. or one of our close relatives, are amongst the many millions who suffer from a genetic disease. About one in ten people has, or will develop at some later stage, an inherited genetic disorder, and approximately 2,800 specific conditions are known to be caused by defects (mutations) in just one of the patients genes. Some single gene disorders are quite common cystic fibrosis is found in one out of every 2,500 babies born in the Western World and in total, diseases that can be traced to single gene defects account for about 5% of all admissions to childrens hospitals.

In the U.S. and Europe, there are exciting new programs to map the entire human genomeall of our genes. This work will enable scientists and doctors to understand the genes that control all diseases to which the human race is prone, and hopefully develop new therapies to treat and predict diseases.





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