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What is Economics and Economic System?




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PART I

 

UNIT 1

 

ECONOMICS

 

I. Active Vocabulary.

 

anticipate
   
meet human needs
   
production and distribution of goods and
services
   
bring together
   
natural resources
   
labor supply
   
technology
   
entrepreneurial
   
managerial
   
ingredient
   
fertility of the soil
   
minerals
   
riches of the sea
   
limited in supply
   
cope with
   
available labor
   
skilled
   
vocational education
   
enterprise
   
up-to-date equipment
   
efficient
   
equipped
   
managed
   

 


technological achievements
   
entrepreneurship
   
abundant
   
skillful
   
willing
   
labor force
   
account for
   
area
   
productive
   
entrepreneurial investment ,
 
   
manage the business
   
endeavor
   
undertake all the responsibilities
   

 

II. Text.

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.

 

What is Economics and Economic System?

 

Economics is the social science subject (study) of how society works and allocates scarce resources and goods. There are two main branches of the subject: macroeconomics, microeconomics.

 

Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. The prefix macro means large, indicating that macroeconomics is concerned with the study of the market system on a large scale M. considers the aggregate performance of all markets in the market system and is concerned with the choices made by the large subsectors of the economy the household sector, which includes all consumers, the business sector, which includes all firms; and the government sector, which includes all government agencies Macroeconomics examines questions such as how fast the economy is running, how much overall output is being generated; how much total


 


income is. It also seeks solutions to macroeconomic problems such as how employment can be increased, and what can be done to increase the output of goods and services.

 

Microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firm or individual government agencies. The prefix micro means small indicating that microeconomics is concerned with the study of the market system on a small scale. Microeconomic examines cause-and-effect relationships that influence choices of individuals, business firms and society. It is concerned with problems such as scarcity, choice and opportunity costs, production and consumption.

 

Every economic system tries to anticipate and then meet human needs through the production and distribution of goods and services. The economic system is the mechanism that brings together natural resources, the labor supply, technology, and the necessary entrepreneurial and managerial talents.

So, the first ingredient of an economic system is the natural resources from which goods are produced, and which include the natural fertility of the soil, minerals, forests, rivers and the riches of the sea. Unlike the other ingredients, the natural resources are limited in supply, but good organization of living helps cope with this problem.

 

Second, the amount of available labor and its quality how hard people are willing to work and how skilled they are helps determine the health of an economy. The strong emphasis placed on education, including technical and vocational education, also contributes to a countrys economic success.

Third, enterprises which are well organized, well managed and which use up-to-date equipment will generally be more efficient than those which are poorly equipped and badly managed. This means that an enterprise should follow the world technological achievements in order to perform better results.

And last but not least, no economic system can do without such an ingredient as enterpreneurship. The existence of abundant natural resources and a skillful and willing labor force accounts for only part of the structure of a countrys economy. If


 


left to themselves, these ingredients will not produce anything. The resources must be brought together and directed as efficiently as possible into the areas where they will be most productive. So, once the first entrepreneurial investment of capital has been made, someone must be hired to manage the business, factory or other endeavor to take the decisions on what, how and where to produce, and to undertake all the responsibilities and the risks.

 

 

2. Answer the following questions based on the text.

1) What is economics?

 

2) What are the main branches of economics?

 

3) What kind of mechanism is the economic system?

 

4) Enumerate the natural resources from which goods are produced?

 

5) What do available labour and its quality include?

 

6) Should an enterprise follow the world technological achievements in order to perform better results?

 

7) What functions does such an ingredient of economic system as entrepreneurship perform?

 

3. Make up a summary of the text.

 

III. Exercises.

1. Match the following phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B.

 

1. Large blocks of resources must be A.ϳ ,
available for major investments. ,
 
  .
   
2. The amount of available labor and its B.
quality how hard people are willing to
work and how skilled they are helps
determine the health of an economy.
   

 


  .
   
3. The existence of abundant natural C.ʳ
resources and a skillful and willing ,
labor force accounts for only part of the ,
structure of a countrys economy. .
   
4. Every economic system tries to D.
anticipate and then meet human needs
through the production and distribution
of goods and services.
  , ,
  , .
   
5. Once the first entrepreneurial E.-
investment of capital has been made,
someone must be hired to manage the
business, factory or other endeavor.
  .
   
6. Enterprises which are well organized, F.ϳ
well managed and which use up-to-date ,
equipment will generally be more ,
efficient than those which are poorly ,
equipped and badly managed.
  .
   
7. The first ingredient of an economic G.
system is the natural resources from ,
which goods are produced, and which .
include the natural fertility of the soil,  
minerals, forests, rivers and the riches of  
the sea.  
   

 


2. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1) Although the type of economic system used by a nation is the result of a political decision, it is also in even larger part the result of a historical experience that, over time, becomes a national culture.

2) As a rule, consumers look for the best values for what they spend, while producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell.

 

3) The mixture among consumers, producers and members of government changes constantly, resulting in a dynamic rather than a static economy.

 

4) In the American economy, managers of enterprises responding to signals from markets perform the function of bringing together and directing the natural resources and labor force.

 

5) Large blocks of resources must be available for major investments.

 

6) So, entrepreneurs are decision-takers and risk-bearers.

 

7) A country can only produce some of the goods and services its people want.

 

3. Translate the sentences into English.

1) , , , .

 

2) , , .

 

3) , , , , , , .

4) , , , , .

5) , .


 


6) .

 

7) , .

 

 

4. Translate the texts into Ukrainian in written form.

 

Text A

 

The Functions of Every Economic System

 

There are many economic problems poverty, inflation, unemployment, etc. People in different modern societies solve these problems in different ways.

 

The great American economist Paul Samuelson said that every economic society has to answer three main questions:

 

1. What to produce? 2. How to produce? 3. Who gets the product?

 

The way in which a society goes about answering these fundamental questions is known as its economic system.

 

So, these questions are universal and true for any economic system that has the three functions.

 

The first function is to make a right decision what goods we are going to produce with the given resources clothes, food, cars, television sets, books, etc.

 

The second function is to decide how we are going to produce goods and services with the basic recourses of labour, land, etc. What methods are best and the most effective is an important question here.

 

Once we have produced goods and services we now have to decide how these will be divided, distributed among the people in the economy. So, it is the third function.

 

Economic system may be classified as traditional, command or market one. Resources are allocated (distributed) in a traditional economy in accordance with


 

 


traditions and in a command economy by government planners. Resources in a market economy are allocated in accordance with the laws of supply and demand.

 

When we speak on economic growth we mean an increase in the GDP of a nation. The Gross Domestic Product is the total value of all production in an economy in a year. The GDP is the basic indicator of how well a countrys economy performs. The main features that cause such growth are the following: 1) increases in natural resources; 2) increases in the production of goods and services; 3) improvements in technology; 4) improvements in human resource.

 

However, there is a difference between real and nominal increases.

 

For example, between 1968 and 1989 the GDP of the UK increased from $ 38 billon to 439 billon. It means an increase of 1045 per cent. But if we take into account inflation an increase is only about 60 pet cent.

 

Many examples of this kind may be given concerning Eastern European countries during their transition period.

 

The GDP is also affected by the indicator of population growth. Say, the GDP grows at 5 per cent and the population grows at 10 per cent. In this case the GDP is declining.

 

Text B

 

The UK Economy

 

Great Britain has an open economy, in which foreign trade plays a vital part. About one-quarter of its gross domestic product comes from the export of goods and services, a high share among major economies. Private enterprise accounts for three-quarters of gross domestic product and over two-thirds of total employment. Services now account for 60 percent of gross domestic product and manufacturing for about 25 percent. Britain is among the largest exporters of steel, chemicals, aircraft and satellites, textiles and clothing, financial, business and other services.

 

The keynote of government industrial policy is to encourage enterprise. Competition policy seeks to promote market efficiency where this is not achieved solely by market forces. A substantial privatization program has encouraged share


 


ownership. It has also involved the privatization of a number of major businesses including British Airways, British Gas, British Telecom, and the water supply industry.

 

 

5. Translate the text into English.

 

Text

 

.

 

. : . , .

 

. -, , , , . .

 

 

  UNIT 2
MONEY AND MONETARY POLICY
  I. Active Vocabulary.
     
control the money supply  
     
Slump  
     
total spending  
     
monetary policy   -
     

 


bank deposits
   
control the level of bank deposits
 
   
bank customers
   
willingness
   
ability to borrow
   
demand for loans
   
ability to lend
   
supply for loans
   
price of a loan
   
rate of interest
   
borrow loans from the banks
   
in the money market
   
borrower
   
lender
   
cost of borrowing
   
total bank deposits
   

 

 

II. Text.

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.

 

Money and Payment System.

 

Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring value and for storing wealth. Almost every society now has a money economy based on coins and paper bills of one kind or another. However this has not always been true. In primitive societies a system of barter was used. Barter was a system of direct exchange of goods or services one for another. In this system no money is used. Somebody could exchange a sheep, for example, for anything in the market place that they considered to be of equal value. The farmer specializing in production of beef might find a hungry barber and thus get a haircut, or find a hungry tailor and thus exchange meat


 


for clothes, or find a hungry doctor and thus obtain medical treatment. Farmers spent half their time producing beef, and the other half searching for someone who wants beef, but that someone had also to be able to provide something in exchange that the farmer wanted. Clearly, barter was a very inefficient system, because peoples precise wants seldom coincided. Furthermore, with barter, there is a problem of indivisibility. A suit or an automobile, or a house should be bought all at once and not in piece. People needed more practical system of exchange, and various money systems, developed based on goods which the members of a society recognized as having value. Cattle, grain, teeth, shells, feathers, skulls, salt, elephant tusks and tobacco have all been used. With money, exchange was much easier. Precious metals gradually took over because, when made into coins, they were portable, durable, recognizable and divisible into larger and smaller units of value. Until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries coins were given monetary worth based on the exact amount of metal contained in them, but most modern coins are based on face value-the value that governments choose to give them, irrespective of the actual metal content. Most governments now issue paper money in the form of bills, which are really ready to pay. Paper money is obviously easier to handle and much more convenient in the modern world. Checks and credit cards are being used increasingly, and it is possible to imagine a world where money in the form of coins and paper currency will no longer be used.

 

The government tries to control the money supply for several reasons. If prices are rising and the government fears an increase in the rate of inflation, it will try to reduce the money supply or slow down the rate at which it is increasing. If there is a serious slump, it might try to increase total spending by allowing the money supply to increase. The measures used for these purposes are described as monetary policy. In Britain, for example, the Bank of England is responsible for carrying out the governments monetary policy.

 

Since the greater part of the money supply consists of bank deposits, monetary policy must try to control the level of these deposits. The extent to which they are


 


created depends upon the bank customers willingness and ability to borrow the demand for loans, and the banks ability to lend (the supply of loans). The Bank of England, therefore, must be able to influence the behavior of both the banks and their customers.

The price of loan is the rate of interest one has to pay for it. Any changes in the rate of interest, therefore, will affect peoples willingness to borrow from the banks.

 

The Bank of England is able to operate in the money market as a major borrower and lender. It can, therefore, have a direct effect on the demand for or supply of loans. In other words, it can influence the price of loan the rate of interest. A rise in the rate for bank loans may fall or, more likely, grow more slowly. The rate at which total bank deposits are growing will slow down. A fall in the rate of interest will reduce the cost of borrowing and increase the demand for bank loans. Total bank deposits will tend to grow more rapidly.

 

 

2. Answer the following questions based on the text.

1) What is modern money economy based on?

2) What system was used in primitive society?

3) Why did precious metals gradually take over?

4) In what form do most governments issue paper money now? 5) What does government try to control?

6) What is the Bank of England responsible for?

7) Is the Bank of England able to operate in the money market as a major borrower and lender?

3. Make up a summary of the text.

 

III. Exercises.

1. Match the following phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B.

 

1. A rise in the rate of interest raises the A. 볿

 


 

 


cost of borrowing.
  .
   
2. If there is a serious slump, the B.
government might try to increase total ,
spending by allowing the money supply
to increase. ,
  .
   
3. Any changes in the rate of interest C.ϳ
will affect peoples willingness to .
borrow from the banks.  
   
4. The extent to which the deposits are D.
created depends upon the bank ,
customers willingness and ability to , ,
borrow (the demand for loans), and the - .
banks ability to lend (the supply of  
loans).  
   
5. The Bank of England is able to E.-
operate in the money market as a major
borrower and lender. .
   
6. The government tries to control the F.
money supply for several reasons; the
measures used for these purposes are
described as monetary policy. ( )
 
  ( ).
   
7. The price of a loan is the rate of G.ֳ
interest one has to pay for it. ,
  .
   

 


 

 

2. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1) Some bank will pay no more than one hundred dollars at a time, and no more than five hundred per day.

 

2) You receive a receipt after each transaction stating your balance.

 

3) Often you can transfer the required sum of money to another account.

 

4) You can withdraw money after the deposited checks have been verified which usually takes a couple of days.

 

5) Banks are all different and each one wants to get your business.

 

6) Checks are an easy way to pay bills especially by mail.

 

7) When you open a checking account at a bank, be sure to have an ID (your passport, drivers license, etc.).

 

3. Translate the sentences into English.

1) - . .

 

2) , , , .

 

3) .

 

4) .

 

5) .

 

6) .

 

7) .

 

4. Translate the texts into Ukrainian in written form.

 

Text A

 

The money supply in the United States consists of more than just coins and paper money. Checking account deposits are considered a form of money because they are spend when people write checks. In fact, in the United States, about three-

 


fourths of all payments are made by check. When commercial banks make loans, they can create checking deposit money by giving the borrowers additional credit in their deposit accounts. The Federal Reserve System maintains control over this money creation by administering reserve requirements, rules which require that commercial banks hold currency in their vaults or deposits with Federal Reserve Banks in a set minimum proportion to their deposit liabilities. By controlling the dollar amount of the reserves, the Federal Reserve thus controls the dollar volume of bank loans.

 

Economists measure the money supply in several ways that differ according to which assets are included in the measurements. One measure includes deposits in all interest-bearing accounts that can be used like checking accounts. Another includes savings accounts that cannot automatically be converted to make purchases.

Text B

 

The government tries to control the money supply for several reasons. If prices are rising and the government fears an increase in the rate of inflation, it will try to reduce the money supply or slow down the rate at which it is increasing. If there is a serious slump, it might try to increase total spending by allowing the money supply to increase. The measures used for these purposes are described as monetary policy. In Britain, for example, the Bank of England is responsible for carrying out the governments monetary policy.

 

Since the greater part of the money supply consists of bank deposits, monetary policy must try to control the level of these deposits. The extent to which they are created depends upon the bank customers willingness and ability to borrow the demand for loans, and the banks ability to lend (the supply of loans). The Bank of England, therefore, must be able to influence the behavior of both the banks and their customers.

 

The price of a loan is the rate of interest one has to pay for it. Any changes in the rate of interest, therefore, will affect peoples willingness to borrow from the banks.

 

The Bank of England is able to operate in the money market as a major borrower and lender. It can, therefore, have a direct effect on the demand for or supply of


 


loans. In other words, it can influence the price of loans the rate of interest. A rise in the rate of interest raises the cost of borrowing. The demand for bank loans may fall or, more likely, grow more slowly. The rate at which total bank deposits are growing will slow down. A fall in the rate of interest will reduce the cost of borrowing and increase the demand for bank loans. Total bank deposits will tend to grow more rapidly.

 

 

5. Translate the text into English.

 

Text

 

. , , . . , - , . , , . , .

 

, , . , , . , .


 

 


  UNIT 3
BANKING. METHODS OF PAYMENT.
  I. Active Vocabulary.
     
saving bank  
     
savings  
     
a source of credit  
     
a depositor   ,
     
a depository   ,
     
a withdrawal   ,
     
a commercial bank  
     
a loan  
     
a letter of credit (L/C)  
     
a trust   ,
     
trustee   ,
     
minors   ,
     
a goldsmith  
     
entrust   ,
     
an interest  
     
interest-free  
     
integrity   ,
     
to take into consideration  
     
offer   ,
     
a connection  
     
to give notice  
     
the Middle Ages  
     
a choice  
     

 

 


II. Text.

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.

 

Banking.

 

All commercial banks have a similar structure and mode of working. The owners are the shareholders. At the outset they provide the necessary capital. They are all organized on the joint stock principle and are registered public companies.

 

The Chairman and Board of Directors are elected by the ordinary shareholders at the Annual General Meeting and are responsible for the efficient management of the bank. The Board is concerned with the over-all policy of the bank and the major decisions, which put that policy into effect.

The Board will appoint a Managing Director who is directly responsible to them and a member of the Board. They will also appoint the most senior executives who in turn appoint the rest of the clerical staff who will be responsible in different capacities for the day to day running of the bank.

The essence of a banks activities is the collection of deposits through current accounts and deposits accounts and the use of these funds to provide loans or funds for investment. The current account is the one commonly held and is drawn by cheques and standing orders. The deposit account is more in the nature of a saving account. The pattern of investment, which a bank decides upon, is crucial because, on the one hand, the bank must use the funds wisely to make a profit and, on the other, funds must be available for depositors to withdraw when they with to do so.

 

At the end of each business year the Directors recommend and the Annual General Meeting decides how much of the profit should be distributed to the shareholders as dividend, and how much should be retained in the business. In preparation to the Annual General Meeting, a bank publishes its Report and Account. These must be sent to every shareholder and are also available for anyone with an interest in the affair of the bank. From the published accounts shareholders can easily determine the total profits the bank has earned and how much is available for the distribution.


 


Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often co-operate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to prevent inflation. They are specialists in the business of providing capital, and in allocating funds on credit. Banks originated as places to which people took their valuables for safe-keeping, but today the great banks of the world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions.

 

Banks normally receive money from their customers in their two distinct forms: on current account, and on deposit account. With a current account, a customer can issue personal cheques. No interest is paid by the bank on this type of account. With a deposit account, however, the customer undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a minimum specified period of time. Interest is paid on this money.

 

The bank lends the deposited money to customers who need capital. This activity earns interest for the bank, and this interest is almost always at a higher rate than any interest which the bank pays to its depositors. In this way the bank makes its main profits.

 

 

2. Answer the following questions based on the text.

1) Who owns the commercial banks?

 

2) How does the bank start?

 

3) What is the Boards task?

 

4) How are the profits distributed?

 

5) Are banks concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy?

 

6) Whom do banks normally receive money from?

 

7) What way does the bank make its main profits?

 

3. Make up a summary of the text.

III. Exercises.

1. Match the following phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B.

 

Commercial bank AA bank which accepts deposits, grants
  credits, collects cheques drawn on other
   

 


  banks, bills of exchange and other items
  and effects transfers on the basis of
  standing orders, through bank giro and
  the direct debiting service.
   
Merchant bank BA bank which provides long-term
  fixed capital for industry, in return
  taking over shares in the borrowing
  companies, so that some measure of
  influence or control can be exercised.
   
Clearing bank CA bank which clears customers
  cheques drawn on other banks through a
  central clearing house, a bank which is a
  member of a central clearing
  organization.
   
Investment bank DBanks which have developed from
  the activities of immigrants to Britain in
  the 18th century. Nowadays they deal in
  acceptance, deposit banking,
  management of clients funds,
  management of mergers and take-over
  bids, transactions in foreign exchange,
  the issue and placing of shares and
  debentures, marine and insurance
  business, etc.
   

 

 

2. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1) The banking system of the USA is represented only by the Federal Reserve System.


 


2) Commercial banks, investment banks, saving banks, numerous credit unions and finance companies are part of the US Federal Reserve System.

 

3) None of the US commercial banks is a state bank.

 

4) Not all the national banks are members of the System.

 

5) The national banks are supervised by the Comptroller of the Currency from the Treasury Department.

 

6) Any commercial bank can have a branch in any state outside the banks home-office city.

 

7) As no commercial bank is allowed to have branches beyond the limits of the state in which it was established bank holding companies (group banking) have been formed.

 

 

3. Translate the sentences into English.

 

1)

 

.

 

2) , , , , , .

 

3) .

 

4) , .

5) 볺 .

 

6) 볺 .

 

7) , .


 

 


4. Translate the texts into Ukrainian in written form.

 

Text A

 

It dates to March 1991 the Ukrainian Parliament passed the law On Bank and Banking Activities, determining this system as two-level, composed of the National Bank and commercial banks.

 

Starting from almost nil, when even Ukraines Central Bank was little more than a transit for funds coming from Moscow, a new Ukrainian banking system has managed to materialise in just a few short years. It has been steadily developing and growing since 1989, and November 1994, 227 banks where registered in Ukraine. These Financial institutions range from credit unions to full-scale banks offering up to 30 different type services.

 

The activity of these banks most of them commercial is overseen by the countrys central bank, the National Bank of Ukraine (NBU). Although the NB is under jurisdiction of the countrys legislature.

 

Two of Ukraines largest banks are still state-owned: Ukreximbank the State Export Import Bank of Ukraine, and Ukroshchadbank the Ukrainian saving Bank. Ukreximbank specializes in international trade, providing wide scale services to over 11,000 clients. Currently, Ukreximbank controls an estimated 80% of all export-import operations of Ukrainian State owned enterpeises. It has correspondence accounts in 12 of the largest banks in Europe, North America and Asia.

 

These new commercial banks have already gained experience from working in the Ukrainian and foreign financial markets. The Ukrainian Association of Banks the largest banking association in the country view banks, both small and large, as paying a vital supporting role in the countrys transitions to a market economy.

Text B The world bank.

 

The World Bank today consists of five closely associated institutions:


 


IBRD The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The IBRDprovides loans and development assistance to middle-income countries and creditworthy poorer countries. Voting power is linked to members capital subscriptions, which in turn are based on each countrys relative economic strength. The IBRD obtains most of its funds through the sale of bonds in international capital markets.

 

IDA The International Development Association (IDA) plays a key role insupporting the Banks poverty reduction mission. IDA assistance is focused on the poorest countries, to which it provides interest-free loans and other services. IDA depends on contributions from its wealthier member countries including some developing countries for most of its financial resources.

 

IFC The International Finance Corporation IFC promotes growth in thedeveloping world by financing private sector investments and providing technical assistance and advice to governments and businesses. In partnership with private investors, IFC provides both loan and equity finance for business ventures in developing countries.

 

MIGA The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MIGA helps encourageforeign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against loss caused by non-commercial risks. MIGA also provides technical assistance to help countries disseminate information on investment opportunities.

 

ICSID The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.

 

ICSID provides facilities for the settlement by conciliation or arbitration ofinvestment disputes between foreign investors and their host countries.

 

5. Translate the text into English.

 

Text

 

, 볺 ; . , .


 


, , () .

 

. . , .

, , .

 

  UNIT 4
  ACOUNTING AND BOOKKEEPING.
  I. Active Vocabulary.
     
accounting  
     
an accountant  
     
an account  
     
a financial position  
     
to record   ,
     
a measure   ,
     
relevant financial data  
     
a user  
     
a financial statement  
     
a tax  
     
tax bodies  
     
primary  
     
a profit and loss account  
     
balance sheet  
     
cash  
     
previous  
     
revenue  
     

 


sales ,
   
costs ,
   
overheads
   
appropriation
   
remains
   
assets
   
fixed assets
   
current assets
   
liabilities , , ()
   
current liabilities
   
long-term liabilities
   
a double entry system
   
bookkeeping
   
a bookkeeper
   
a purchase ,
   
receipts ,
   
disbursements ,
   
a journal
   
a Ledger
   
value
   
a payment ,
   
a trial
   
to match
   
understandable
   
Standards of Accounting ()
 




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