: .
(The Common Case) .
(The Possessive Case), - 's. . , .
the boy's books ,
my friend's father
, -s, :
the students' notes --
of:
the professor's lectures = the lectures of the professor.
ship, world, country, nature, earth, sun, moon, water, ocean
2. , ,
3. ,
- a year's absence ;
- a day's journey ;
- a mile's distance .
. , , , :
a man ( ) , woman ( ) .
, :
a chair - , water - , a window - , a dog - .
, .
, , : ship , town , book .
, , :
:
-age: passage
-ance, -ence: resistance , difference
-dom: freedom
-r: writer
-hood: childhood
-ion: connection
-ment: government
-ness: happiness , kindness
-ship: leadership
-ty: safety , certainty
-ure: departure , pleasure
, . - newspaper . : commander-in-chief , mother-in-law , .
(Proper Nouns) (Common Nouns).
1. , : the Volga , London , the French Revolution .
:
|
|
|
:
) (Concrete Nouns), : a book , country , teacher .
) (Collective Nouns), , : a family , crowd ,
) (Material Nouns), : water , steel , wool , paper .
) (Abstract Nouns), , , , : courage speed , youth , patriotism . honesty ,bravery , darkness , love , work , sleep , winter , history , music .
, , : .
, , .
- -(e)s .
,
| man , | men |
| woman | women |
| child | children |
| ox | oxen |
| foot , | feet |
| goose | geese |
| tooth | teeth |
| mouse | mice |
man woman , : man-teacher - men-teachers; woman-writer- women-writers.
:
| crisis | crises |
| analysis | analyses |
| thesis | theses |
| phenomenon | phenomena |
| datum | data |
| species | , species |
, : commander- in-chief - commanders-in-chief.
,
, , .
: water , air , butter : sugar , iron , friendship .
