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(Modal Verbs and Equivalents)

, . : can, may, must, should, ought, need.

:

1. , ( 3 ( she, he, it) - S): She can read. He may watch television.

2. to: They may play tennis at school.

3. do ( not ): May I go? He cannot work

4. , , .

present past equivalent
can , , 1)   Hecandrive a car. (). The childrencango there alone. . 2) ,   CanI borrow your pen, please? ? ould Hecoulddrive a car when he was young. (),   (c could )   CouldI borrow your pen, please? ? to be able to - ( )   He willbe able todrive a car in a week. () .
may 1) Youmaygo there by bus. . 2) ( , can) MayI ask you a question? ? might Hemightgo there on foot. . to be allowed to -   He willbe allowedto go there by car. .
must ,   Hemustbe home at 23.00 () 23.00. had to Theyhad toreplace the old equipment. . was\were to The classes were to start at 8.30. 8.30. to have to (have/has) , , ,   Theyhave toapply this system in working thick seam. .   to be to (am/is/are) , ,   The oil industryis toincrease its output. .
need , , Its stuff here. Youneed openthe window. . . - -
should , , , ,   Your should help your friends. (, ) . - -
ought to - , , , You ought to know safety rules. ( ) . - -

:

1. may not , cant.

.: May I smoke here? ?

- You may not smoke here .

- No, you cant. (. ).

2. mustn't -, , needn't -.

.: Should I open the window? ?

- No, you mustnt open the window. You can break it.

- , ( ), (.. ). .

- No, you needn't. It too stuff here. But if you are cold you may close it.

- , . . , (.. ).

Appendix 3

one

( - ones) ( . - ones)
Onestudent Many students One can see . Onemust say .   One must do onesduty. . Modern machines are better than the old ones. .   This book is better than the one you gave me. , , .

Appendix 4





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