(Modal Verbs and Equivalents)
, . : can, may, must, should, ought, need.
:
1. , ( 3 ( she, he, it) - S): She can read. He may watch television.
2. to: They may play tennis at school.
3. do ( not ): May I go? He cannot work
4. , , .
present | past | equivalent |
can , , 1) Hecandrive a car. (). The childrencango there alone. . 2) , CanI borrow your pen, please? ? | ould Hecoulddrive a car when he was young. (), (c could ) CouldI borrow your pen, please? ? | to be able to - ( ) He willbe able todrive a car in a week. () . |
may 1) Youmaygo there by bus. . 2) ( , can) MayI ask you a question? ? | might Hemightgo there on foot. . | to be allowed to - He willbe allowedto go there by car. . |
must , Hemustbe home at 23.00 () 23.00. | had to Theyhad toreplace the old equipment. . was\were to The classes were to start at 8.30. 8.30. | to have to (have/has) , , , Theyhave toapply this system in working thick seam. . to be to (am/is/are) , , The oil industryis toincrease its output. . |
need , , Its stuff here. Youneed openthe window. . . | - | - |
should , , , , Your should help your friends. (, ) . | - | - |
ought to - , , , You ought to know safety rules. ( ) . | - | - |
:
|
|
1. may not , cant.
.: May I smoke here? ?
- You may not smoke here .
- No, you cant. (. ).
2. mustn't -, , needn't -.
.: Should I open the window? ?
- No, you mustnt open the window. You can break it.
- , ( ), (.. ). .
- No, you needn't. It too stuff here. But if you are cold you may close it.
- , . . , (.. ).
Appendix 3
one
( - ones) | ( . - ones) | |
Onestudent Many students | One can see . Onemust say . One must do onesduty. . | Modern machines are better than the old ones. . This book is better than the one you gave me. , , . |
Appendix 4