, , , .
, , , , .
(Cl ‾) , . , ( ).
RCl. , R + ( ) Cl ‾ , . 1, [R] = C1 [Cl ‾ ] = C1. .
( ) Na + Cl ‾, 2: [Na +] = C2 [Cl ‾ ] = C2.
:
(i) (e)
[R] = C1: [Na +] = C2
[Cl ‾ ] = C1: [Cl ‾ ] = C2
?
, :
(i) (e)
:
[R+]i = C1:
[Na +]i = X: [Na +]e = C2 - X
[Cl ‾ ]i = C1 + ;: [Cl ‾ ]e = C2 X
1 2.
, , , , :
[Na +] ∙ [Cl ‾ ] = [Na +] ∙ [Cl ‾ ]
,
.
:
(1 + ) = (2 )2.
:
=
. (), .
, 1 = 0 = 2/2, .. NaCl . 1 2, . NaCl , NaCl .
, . , , , :
|
|
. KCl . KCl
, .
( )
1. ?
2. ?
3. ? ?
4. .
5. ?
6. ? .
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
11. ? ?
12. -?
13. ?
14. ?
15. ?
16. ? ?
17. ?
18. .
19. ? ?
20. ?
21. ?
22. :
) 3, ;
) PbS, ;
) AgBr, ;
) Fe(OH)3, Fe(NO3)3;
) PbCl2, ;
) BaSO4, .