.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


. 3




, , , . , , . , , .

L, I. (. (126.1)) =LI, d I d= L d I. d (. 121) d =I d =LI d I.

, , ,

(130.1)

, , , . .

, . . (130.1) (126.2),

I=Bl/ (m 0 mN) (. (119.2)) =m 0 mH (. (109.3)),

(130.2)

Sl = V .

, (. (130.2))

(130.3)

(130.3) , (95.8) , , . (130.3) , . (130.3) , , .. - (. 132).

15.

, , . m. , .

, , , . , (. 109), , .

, . , , , (. (109.2)) p m= IS n,

(131.1)

I=en , n , S . (. 187), m ( ) , .

, L e, , (19.1),

(131.2)

v = 2 pn, pr 2 = S. L e ( ) .

. 187 , m L e, , , (131.1) (131.2),

(131.3)

(131.4)

( , , ). , , , v r . (131.4) , .

* (1915), ( , ). , (e/m). , , , , 2, g (. (131.4)). , , , , (. (131.1) (131.2)) L es, . , , . , , . L es, () ms, L es :

(131.5)

*. . (18781960) .

 

gs .

:

ħ=h/ (2p) (h ), m b , .

. , , ( ). , . , () p a ( ) () :

(131.6)

, , , . , , .

-

, . . (). .

, . , a (. 188), , , m, a, . . , , , , .

, , . , , , , . () , . , , , .

, , ( ( ) ) . (, Bi, Ag, Au, u), , , . .

, . , .

, () . , . ( ). , , , . . . , Pt, l .. , .

, () (. 87), .

- , , . , ; , .

.

, (. 88), , :

, (. (131.6)).

(. 109), , , - , , . , : , , , . , 0 (, ) ' (, ):

(133.1)

0= m 0 (. (109.3)).

, , S l, 0. . 0, p m 0 ( ) 0 ( ). , , (. 189). , .

, , , ' , (119.2) N = 1 ( ):

(133.2)

I' , l , m .

, I'/l , , , p = I'lS/l = I'V/l, V . V,

(133.3)

(133.2) (133.3), ,

0 ' (133.1),

(133.4)

(133.5)

, , , . .

(133.6)

c , . c ( ), ( ).

(133.6), (133.4)

(133.7)

(133.8)

. (133.8) (133.7), (109.3) = m 0 m , .

- ( 104 106), m . , . , c<0 m <1, c>0 m >1.

( ) (118.1):

I I' ( ) ( ), L. , , , . , , , ( ), , .

, J L , :

(133.9)

I, , .

, (133.9), (133.5), , H . , L , :

(133.10)

(133.10) .

 

16.

( m 1 m 2) .

1 2 , , (. 190). D S , . (120.3),

( n n' ).

(134.1)

, B = m 0 m H, , m 0 m,

(134.2)

1 2 ABCDA l, , .191. (133.10) ,

( ),

( A CD , , BC DA ).

(134.3)

, = m 0 m H, , m 0 m,

(134.4)

, (n) (t) ( ), (Bt) (Hn) .

(134.1)(134.4) , (). (. 90), ( , ):

(134.5)

, , , .

 

17.

- , , , , . . . ( ) , , , , , .

, - . J (. (133.6) . 192), , 1878 . .. (18391896), . J , , , J , . J , , , , , , , J .

B = m 0 (H+J) (. (133.4)) H J, , (J=J ), (. 193).

m (, 5000, 800 000!), m (. 194). m , , , , 1 (m = B /(m 0 H) = 1 + J/H, J = J = const J/H 0, m 1).

, J H ( , ) . . ( 1, . 195), , , , J 12, 10. = 0 J , . . J . . , , , . .

( 34), = H ( 4). ( 45 6) ( 6 7).

, J 1 2 3 4561, ( . ). , , .. J.

. ( 12 /) ( ) , ( ) ( ) . , J m max . Ta, (, ) , (, , ) .





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