IP 14 , 13 . . , . 0. , , .
0-3 | 4-7 | 8-13 | 14-15 | 16-18 | 19-31 | |
Differentiated Services Code Point | Explicit Congestion Notification | |||||
( > 5) | ||||||
160 192+ |
. IPv4 4.
32- . , . 5 (5×32=160 , 20 ), 15 (60 ).
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)
(Type of Service, ToS), RFC 2474 Differentiated Services. , , VoIP .
(Explicit Congestion Notification, ECN)
. .
16- , . 20 ( ), 65535 . 576 , . , , .
, . , .
. , , :
0: , 0.
1:
2:
, . , .
1 , . 0 .
|
|
13 , 8 . (213−1)×8=65528 , . .
(Time to Live, TTL) .
, . , . ( ). , , ICMP Time Exceeded. (traceroute).
, (, TCP ICMP). IANA.
16- , . , . IP (, TCP UDP), .
TTL , . RFC 1071.
32- . - .
32- .
, . ( 32- ).
, 0x00. :
1 . | ||
0 2 . 1 3 . | ||
. | ||
( ). . | ||
, . |
: 5 . : ,
IP - IP -.
IP- 1 IP- 2 IP- 3
IP- 1 :
1. 9876;
2. 5 ( );
3. 124 ();
4. MF 1;
5. 0 ( ).
IP- 2 :
1. 9876;
|
|
2. 5 ( );
3. 124 ();
4. MF 1;
5. 13 ( ).
IP- 3 :
1. 9876;
2. 5 ( );
3. 112 ();
4. MF 0;
5. 26 ( ).
IPv6 (. Internet Protocol version 6) IP, , (IPv4) , 128 32. IPv6 ( 9000 2012), , IPv4. , DNS-. IETF.
, IPv4 , IPv6 IPv4 (. dual stack), IPv6 IPv4. - , , IPv6 , IPv6.