IEEE 754
IEEE 754. .
. 2.24. IEEE 754: ;
32- () 64- () (. 2.24) 8- 11- . 2. , , , . ( ) ( ). 2.6 .
IEEE . , (0) (255 2047 ), .
2.6. IEEE 754
, | ≥43 | ≥79 | ||
, | ≥11 | ≥15 | ||
≥ 1023 | ≥ 16 383 | |||
-126 | ≤ -1022 | -1022 | ≤ -16 382 | |
10-38,10+38 | 10-308, 10-308 | |||
, | ≥31 | ≥63 | ||
1,98 231 | 1,99x263 |
:
1 254 1 2036 , . , -126 +127 -1022 +1023 . , . , , 24 53 .
0, .
, , , , , , .
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. 0 -126 -1022. .
, , 0, (NAN Not a Number) .
, , . , 3DNow! AMD , , . . 64- , . 2.25.
. 2.25. 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2
Intel, Pentium III, , SSE, . 128 , 32- ( ). , SSE2, SSE, , 128 64- , , .
, , . ( - , , . .), , . . 2.26.
. 2.26.
(BIT, Binary digiT ). . , . , .
, (nibble ). - .
, . , , (), (), ( ) ( ) [5].
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( 32 ). , , . , .
IEEE 754 (64 ). (80 ). , . (32 ) , . , , , .
[120] , SPEC92 DEC VAX (. 2.27).
. 2.27.
, , , , . , - . , -, . , .
, , (8 ). 2, 4, 8 16 . , . , ( ) [6]. . 2.28 32- , .
. 2.28. 32- : ;
. , DEC Intel , a IBM Motorola . . , .
. 2.29.
, , . , () . , mod 5=0 (5= 2, 4, 8, 16). , , (. 2.29).
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. 2.30 32- . .
. 2.30. 32-
, .
, , , , . . . . , , . . .
, (), 256 :
- EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code);
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
EBCDIC IBM. ( ).
ASCII7-, . 128 , , , . ASCII, Latin 1 ( ISO 8859-1). 8 . ( 128-255) - , , , . -, . 128-255 ISO 8859 (. 2.7).
2.7. ISO 8859
ISO 8859-1 | - |
ISO 8859-2 | |
ISO 8859-3 | , |
ISO 8859-4 | |
ISO 8859-5 | |
ISO 8859-6 | |
ISO 8859-7 | |
ISO 8859-8 | |
ISO 8859-9 | |
ISO 8859-10 | (, ) |
ISO 8859-11 | |
ISO 8859-13 | |
ISO 8859-14 | |
ISO 8859-15 | |
ISO 8859-16 | : , , , , , , , , , , |
MS-DOS ISO 8859 OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). OEM- (. 2.8).
2.8. OEM
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|
437 | , |
708 | |
737 | |
775 | , , |
852 | |
853 | |
855 | |
860 | |
862 | |
865 | , |
866 | |
932 | |
936 |
ASCII , . 1993 Apple Computer, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, DEC IBM 16- ISO 10646, (UCS, Universal Character Set). , Unicode, 65 536 , . 1040-1093.
Unicode, UCS-2, , 256 + . , 16- . UCS-2 Unicode Unicode (UTF, Unicode Transformation Formats), UTF-8 UTF-7.
UTF-8 , 128, . . , . , 128 255. , ASCII. UTF-8 . 2.9.
2.9. UTF-8
0 | ||
110 10 | 11 (5 + 6) | |
1110 10 10 | 16(4 + 6× 2) | |
11110 10 10 10 | 21 (3 + 6× 3) | |
111110 10 10 10 10 | 26(2 + 6× 4) | |
1111110 10 10 10 10 10 | 31 (1 +6× 5) |
UTF-7 , 127 ( ). , ASCII, , .
Unicode ASCII, ASCII (, , ) , Unicode . Unicode Windows NT. Unicode . 2.10.
2.10. Unicode
0-8191 | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
8192-12287 | , , , ." . |
12288-16383 | , |
16384-59391 | , , . |
59392-65024 | |
65025-65536 |
Unicode ISO 32- , Unicode .
() , : . : , . , . (, , . .), , , .
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, , . 232 . , . 232 - 1 (4 ). 32- .
, . , - . , () .
[33]. , , . , . , , , , .
, . , , , , . .
-, - -. . (), (-).
- . , ( 70 /). - , ( 30 1 ). - .
: () . (bitmap) , , , , . , .
(picture element), . , . , , . 24 , 16 . () , , - . , , . . 2.11.
2.11.
BMP | Windows OS\2 Bitmap |
GIF | Graphics Interchange Format |
PCX | PC Paintbrush File Format |
JPEG | Joint Photographic Experts Group |
TIFF | Tagged Image File Format |
PNG | Portable Network Graphics. |
, , , . , , . . : , (), Є 2 3, . (. 2.31).
. 2.31.
, . . , . , , , , . . , , , , , .
, . , :
;
, , .
, , . , . . 2.12.
2.12.
dxf | drawing interchange format |
cdr | corel drawing |
hpgl | hewlett-packard graphics language |
ps | postscript |
svg | scalable vector graphics |
vsd | microsoft visio format |
. , . , . , , . .
2.13.
eps | encapsulated postscript |
wmf | windows metafile |
cgm | computer graphics metafile |