Humanity's desire to fly likely dates to the first time when man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary story of Daedalus and Icarus. Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d'Arlandes moved 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers. The Wright brothers made the first flight on December 17, 1903.
The realistic dream of spaceflight dates back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, and this was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflights became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible.
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When did space flights become an engineering possibility?
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1. . , , s (es). , .. :
a) 3- Present Indefinite;
b) ;
c) .
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1) Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems.
2) An airport engineer designs and constructs airports.
3) Engineers dream to construct the safest means of transport has come true.
2. , , .
1) They flew 8 km in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.
2) Typical tasks include determining station location and design as well as construction cost estimating.
3) Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz were interested in car production.
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1) Environmentalists think that the more roads we build the more cars fill them.
2) Heathrow airport is one of the biggest airports in Europe.
3) Automatic devices make labor safer and easier.
4. , , .
1) This airport stays open even if the weather is bad.
2) Some lands around the city were flat and open, just right to build an airport.
3) No plane takes off at night because of bad visibility.
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1) The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in motor transport.
2) Some magazines specialize in a single type of car such as famous Model T.
3) Your car radio will tell you about the next corner before you see it.
4) When the Spaniards reached South America they found that Incas of Peru used suspension bridges.
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Highway Engineering
Engineers in this specialization handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other vehicular facilities. They estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for the project. They also analyze locations of high traffic volumes for safety and capacity and use Civil Engineering principles to improve the transportation system.
Railroad Engineering. Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guide way. Typical tasks would include determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, station location and design, and construction cost estimating. Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.
Port & Harbor Engineering. Port and Harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities. This is not to be confused with marine engineering.
Airport Engineering Airport engineers design and construct airports. Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. One such example is the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation.
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What would typical tasks include?
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1
1. ; - . . ) .
1. By 1784 William Merdoch had built a working model of steam carriage.
2. The light has just changed from green to red.
3. Some inventors were promoting electric cars of taking part in their development.
4. In some countries automobiles are playing a most important part in solving many problems of transport.
2. ,
Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
1. Autos is a Greek word meaning self, mobilis is a Latin word meaning movable.
2. Some of the Americas most distinguished inventors were promoting electric automobiles.
3. The figures mentioned in this report were published in the latest scientific journal.
4. The light has just changed from green to red.
3. , . .
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1. There was no water left in the radiator, so we had to stop and refill it.
2. Collectors of cars can also advertise in magazines published by their clubs.
3. Drivers must stop when they see the red light.
4. They were to send the documents by e-mail.
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Engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy in mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others.
Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion. The term "gin" as in cotton gin is recognised as a short form of the Old French word engin, in turn from the Latin ingenium, related to ingenious. Most devices used in the industrial revolution were referred to as engines, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.
In modern usage, the term is used to describe devices capable of performing mechanical work, as in the original steam engine. In most cases the work is produced by exerting a torque or linear force, which is used to operate other machinery which can generate electricity, pump water, or compress gas.
In common usage, an engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel, and is differentiated from an electric machine that derives power without changing the composition of matter. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover, a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine.
5. . , .
What are modern automobiles powered by?
1. by stem engine
2. by an internal combustion engine
3. by an internal combustion engine and various motors and pumps.
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1. ; - . . ) .
1. By the start of the 20th century the automobile industry was beginning to develop in western Europe.
2. The automobile has ceased be be a matter of luxury or sport.
3. They are testing the new engine in the laboratory.
4. By that time we had already changed our plans.
2. , Participle I Participle II , .. , , -. .
1. The two words taken together mean self - moving.
2. The first American firm manufacturing car was churning out well designed electric automobiles.
3. Have you ever travelled by car?
4. Driving a car at night he met with an accident.
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1. No discovery can be made without wide experimentation.
2. motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and spare parts.
3. He is to go to the Far East on business.
4. You may go home now, Ill repair the car myself.
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History of the automobile
The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport.
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German engineer Karl Benz is generally regarded as the inventor of the modern automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is a creation of German inventor Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was also invented by a German, Rudolf Diesel.
Ferdinand Verbiest built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672, designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor which was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile'). Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late-18th century.
By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in Camborne.
In Russia in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin started working on a human-pedalled carriage with a steam engine. He finished working on it in 1791. Some of its features included a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearing. Unfortunately, the government failed to see the potential market and it was not developed further.
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What new parts did Ivan Kulibins human-pedalled carriage have?
1. It had a flywheel, brake.
2. It had a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearing.
It had only a gearbox, and bearing
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1. . , , s (-es), , .. :
16. 3- Present Indefinite;
17. ;
18. .
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11. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s.
12. Railway transport continues to be the safest means of transport in the world.
13. The results of scientists experiments were published in 2009.
2. , , .
10. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer.
11. In the industrial revolution the first steam ships were invented.
12. They estimate the transportation needs of the public.
3. , , .
11. Bicycle is one of the most fashionable means of transport in Europe.
12. My composition is not as long as yours.
13. Which country is larger: the United States or Canada?
4. , , .
d. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of
mechanized land transport.
e. Some people are terribly scared by travelling by train.
f. The electric train can develop speed no less than 300 km/hour.
5. , - . .
10. Motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly.
11. This Motor car club specializes in rare car models.
12. In future people will ride in remote-controlled electronic cars.
13. N. Otto introduced the four-stroke cycle of motor operation.
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Forms of green transport
Walking, or ambulation, is the main form of animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling. The word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan "to roll".
11. Bicycling, also called cycling or biking, is the use of bicycles as a means of transport, a form of recreation, or a sport. It is done on roads and paths, across open country or even over snow and ice (icebiking).
12. A green vehicle is one that is significantly less harmful to the environment than comparable conventional vehicles. Certain green vehicles may provide a way of sustainable transport.
13. Green Vehicles also include:
14. Solar battery vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Solar battery vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies.
15. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.
16. Electric cars are alternative fuel cars that use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines.
17. Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.
18. Electric trains and electric buses are forms of green transport categorized as public transport.
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How many power sources do hybrid vehicle
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1. ; - . . ) .
1. He cut his finger while he was repairing his car.
2. By that time he had already changed our plans.
3. The automobile had become a decisive factor in the development of many countries.
4. We are carrying out new research.
2. ,
Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
1. The electric automobile energized by rechargeable batteries has a great future.
2. The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France.
3. He was just trying to watch the work.
4. Comparing these two automobiles we may see that they are very different in design.
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1. The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can move along roads unprovoked with rails.
2. Ill come to the university at eight oclock tomorrow.
3. My friend gave me an interesting book to read. She said You may keep it for seven days.
4. The team of experts is to study the present situation in automobile production.
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First automobiles
The first production of automobiles was started by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under licence from Benz, in France by Emile Roger. There were numerous others, including tricycle builders Rudolf Egg, Edward Butler, and Léon Bollée. By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France, which also introduced the first four-cylinder engine.
Formed in 1889, Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in western Europe, especially in France, they produced 30,204 in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year. In the United States, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company.
Within a few years, a dizzying assortment of technologies were being produced by hundreds of producers all over the western world. By 1900, it was possible to talk about a national automotive industry in many countries, including Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Australia.
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Innovation was rapid, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls. On 5 November 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke automobile engine (U.S. Patent 549,160). This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the USA.
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Why was George B. Selden granted a United States patent?
1. for four-stroke automobile engine
2. for two-stroke automobile engine
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5
1. ; - . . ) .
1. They have widened the road.
2. When I met him he was going to the University.
3. He said they had made several stamps to repair the engine.
4. When I return to the laboratory they will be testing the new device.
2. ,
Participle I Participle II , .. , -. .
1. Twenty eight per cent of 4,192 American automobiles produces in 1900 were electric ones.
2. In 1895 Popov made a report on his invention practically, sending the first radiogram in the world.
3. In great Britain there is a farmer who has invented a car runnin on manure().
4. Town planners are thinking of new methods of construction and transportation.
3. , . .
1. The twenty-four-cell battery could propel the vehicle at a speed of ten miles per hour for five hours.
2. The speed of the steam-driven vehicle was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.
3. The qualified specialist must possess a minimum of five years experience in traffic records.
4. The purchasing department of the federal government is to buy 5000 automobiles equipped with air bags.
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