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1. The Romans had a significant need for good roads.
2. McAdams' highways were designed using the first modern inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate.
3. The scientist states that the new method of work is very important for the fulfillment of the plan.
4. Water boils at 100Centigrade.
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1. Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s.
2. A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage for an automobile road or railway.
3. Railroad engineers can move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.
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1. Text 2 is not as difficult as Text 1.
2. The more we develop roads the better infrastructure we have.
3. The most expensive highways are in Germany.
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1. Some of Roman roads remained from ancient times.
2. There is nothing interesting to see in this part of the town.
3. This experiment will last two hours.
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1. Nobody knows when the wheel first appeared.
2. He works for the travel agencyHolidays.
3. In the future people will have cars with better conveniences.
4. These systems were the first practical form of mechanized land transport.
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A. Road transport
B. The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often followed game trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high traffic density. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an element in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, a frame used to drag loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to Europe and India in the 4th millennium BC and to China in about 1200 BC. The Romans had a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire and developed Roman roads.
In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon McAdams (1756-1836) designed the first modern highways, using inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate, and he embanked roads a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for hard-topped roads to reduce washways, bogging and dust on both urban and rural roads.
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What did John Loudon McAdam design in the Industrial Revolution?
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1) Boats were suitable for a significant sea crossing.
2) The Chinas Grand Canal was the longest canal of ancient times.
3) Hyde Park covers 360 acres.
4) Everything in this town reminds of the heroic days of the Great Patriotic War.
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1) Tracks were created at points of high traffic density
2) They use Civil Engineering principles to improve the transportation system.
3) William Maybach together with Gottlieb Daimler developed the first high speed internal combustion engine.
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1) With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war.
2) The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China.
3) The more the country is fortified from the sea, the better defense it has.
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1) Some of the first canals were incredibly deep.
2) When travelling from Glasgow down the river Clyde and then along the coast of the Firth of Clyde, you realize that any corner of this area is magnificent.
3) Nobody liked the play: it was very dull.
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1) Later people joined together a pair of two wheeled carts into a four wheeled vehicle.
2) There are about 3000 Americans who like to collect antique cars.
3) Experts say that in the 21st century people will go by rocket from New York to Tokyo in 30 minutes.
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Maritime transport
In the stone age primitive boats were developed to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossing were necessary for people to reach Australia 40,000-45,000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, first steam ships and later diesel-powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes.
Meanwhile specialized craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world. The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794 kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since about 486 BC.
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What did the Indus valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India have?
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5. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s.
6. Railway transport continues to be the safest means of transport in the world.
7. The results of scientists experiments were published in 2009.
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4. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer.
5. In the industrial revolution the first steam ships were invented.
6. They estimate the transportation needs of the public.
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5. Bicycle is one of the most fashionable means of transport in Europe.
6. My composition is not as long as yours.
7. Which country is larger: the United States or Canada?
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4. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport.
5. Some people are terribly scared by travelling by train.
6. The electric train can develop speed no less than 300 km/hour.
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4. Motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly.
5. This Motor car club specializes in rare car models.
6. In future people will ride in remote-controlled electronic cars.
7. N. Otto introduced the four-stroke cycle of motor operation.
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Forms of green transport
Walking, or ambulation, is the main form of animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling. The word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan "to roll".
4. Bicycling, also called cycling or biking, is the use of bicycles as a means of transport, a form of recreation, or a sport. It is done on roads and paths, across open country or even over snow and ice (icebiking).
5. A green vehicle is one that is significantly less harmful to the environment than comparable conventional vehicles. Certain green vehicles may provide a way of sustainable transport.
6. Green Vehicles also include:
7. Solar battery vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Solar battery vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies.
8. Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel.
9. Electric cars are alternative fuel cars that use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines.
10. Hybrid vehicles use two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.
11. Electric trains and electric buses are forms of green transport categorized as public transport.
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How many power sources do hybrid vehicles use?
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8. Humanity's desire to fly likely dates back to the first time when man observed birds.
9. The Wright brothers made the first flight on December 17, 1903.
10. The scientists efforts resulted in success.
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7. The aerial cable cars connect Manhattan Island with Roosevelt Island in New York.
8. This engine began a transport revolution in cars, lorries, trains and ships.
9. There was a high fence around the construction site.
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8. This highway is much longer than that motorway.
9. The smallest portion of the population in this country can afford automobiles.
10. The more I thought of that plan, the less I liked it.
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7. No one was injured in the first balloon flight.
8. Did any people see the first flight made by the Montgolfier brothers?
9. The names of some streets and squares are living history of the heroic town.
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12. Henry Ford, an American manufacturer, introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model T.
13. The club practices meetings where members show their cars.
14. A new exhibit will appear in this Motor museum soon.
15. During the Industrial revolution J. Mc Adams designed the first modern highways.
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