1.. .
. , , . , , ( , , ). . , -, , .
4350:2004 (ISO 660:1996, NEQ) 볯. , (), , (). ; - /; .
, , ? . . ( , , ) 㳿 . . 䳿 (.1).
, ( ) . , , , , .
1. .
2--()-R --()-R + H2O ↔ 2--()-R | 2-H --()-R + R(CO)OH 2--()-R |
2-H --()-R + H2O ↔ 2--()-R | 2-H -H + R(CO)OH 2--()-R |
2--H --H + H2O ↔ 2--()-R | 2-H -H + R(CO)OH 2-H |
, , . , 䳿 , , , , , , , , . , , , 100% , . , , , 볿 ( ), , . . , 10 15 . 2 /, 4 / . (10-15 ) 2 /. ??1., IJ , , .
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1.1.
볿 .
2009 ., / | 2010 ., / | 2014, / | 1 2015, / | ||
1,13 | 1,27 | 1,99 | 1,44 | ||
1,70 | 1,74 | 1,85 | 1,18 | ||
1,85 | 1,46 | - | - | ||
³ | 2,11 | 1,30 | 1,67 | 1,15 | |
1,55 | 1,20 | 1,56 | 1,27 | ||
" - " (. ) | 1,29 | 0,86 | 0,95 | 0,95 | |
"ʳ" (. ʳ) | 1,20 | 1,46 | - | - | |
2,07 | 1,48 | 2,69 | 1,64 | ||
0,90 | 0,87 | 1,77 | 0,86 | ||
"" (. ') | 1,15 | 0,97 | - | - | |
1,43 | 1,47 | 1,73 | 1,36 | ||
̳ " " | 1,35 | 1,15 | - | - | |
ͳ | 1,35 | 1,40 | 2,86 | 1,46 | |
" " () | 1,04 | 1,27 | - | - | |
. | 1,48 | 1,37 | 1,29 | 1,09 | |
1,50 | 1,40 | 1,94 | 1,23 | ||
³ | - | - | 1,83 | 1,41 | |
ͳ | 2,07 | 2,33 | - | - | |
ͳ | 1,89 | 2,03 | - | - | |
, 쳿 볺 , , (), , /. , (-, ) .
, , , Ѳ. ( Ѳ) /3 /.
? . , , , , . -, [1,2] , , . ( ) - . , , , , .
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( ). , , , 볿, =2,0 /. , 볿. - , - , , , , , [1]. , 볿 200,0 /. :
.. - 100% - % | ...... | = (/)×100% = (2/200) ×100% = 1%. |
, /. , , , , , 볿, , . , , 200 / 3/. % = 2 /, (2/203) ×100% = 0,985; (2/197) ×100% = 1,052. , , , , , 2. 볿 . , , 볿, 볿 . . 2 . 볿 - (12:0) (14:0), , 볿 275 /. ( , , , 볿 2 /), 볿 (2/275) ×100% = 0,727: % 볿 2,75. ??2. .
1.2.
/ | |||
280,08 | |||
245,68 | |||
218,80 | |||
197,23 | |||
179,52 | |||
164,73 | |||
152,20 | |||
141,48 | |||
132,09 | |||
123,91 |
/ , , , . , , ( = 198,75 /). , , 볿 :
-. - 100% - % | ...... | = (/)×100% = (2/198,75) ×100% ≈ 1,01%.≈1,0% |
( ) . ( , , 볿) . 볿 , 볿 , 볿 . .
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Ѳ. / /3 ; 㳿 /.
, Ѳ 볿 = 2 /.
1 , 2 , 1 , 1 볿 Ѳ: 2×10-3 /56,11 = 3,564×10-5 , 1 1000. 2 / =3,564×10-2/ . /, 1000, , 1 1000 1 .
2 / =35,64 /; , , /. Ѳ : (198,75×10-3 /56,11) ×103 = 3,542 /.
, , , . , , , 볿 = 2,2/..
, 1 볿. NaOH 3% 10%. 5%. , 20%÷40%, 30%. 1 볿 2.2 ×106 = 2,2 . NaOH : 40,00/56,11 = 0,713. ( ) 2,2 ×0,713 = 1,57 . 5% NaOH :
2,2 NaOH - 5 % - 100 % | ...... | = (2,2×100%)/5 = 44 |
44 + 44×(30/100) =
57,2 (5%) NaOH 볿.
. - , :
. -. - 1000 - | . . | = (1000×)/ . -, . - = (1000×)/ |
( ) ( ).
, . ij , () . , , .
. , (14:0) . , 241 /.. 228,36; = 56110/228,36 = 245,68 /.
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(228,36/245,68) ×100% = 92,95%.
, , , ( ) ( ) . , , .
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. , , = 220 /. . , . + = 1.
198,75× + 245,68× =220; 198,75 +245,68(1-) = 220.
: 198,75 -245,68 = 220 245,68;
46,93 = 25,68; = 25,68/46,93 = 0,547 54,7%.
: 1 0,547 = 0,453 45,3%.
, . , (=197,23); (=218,8); ( = 280,08). , : 0,2; 0,5 0,3 .
: 197,23× 0,2 + 218,8× 0,5 + 280,08× 0,3 = 39,45 + 109,40 +
84,02= 232,87 /.
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1. 볿 % ( ), Ѳ, 볿 = 1,6 /.
2. 볿 % ( ) Ѳ, 볿 = 4,8 /.
3. 볿 % ( ) Ѳ, 볿 = 3,2 /.
4. 볿 % ( ) Ѳ, 볿 = 2,9 /.
5. NaOH 40 /3, 볿 = 1,7 /. 30%.
6. NaOH 9 %, 볿 = 2,1 /. 40%.
7. , 2:3.
8. , = 210 /.
9. : : : , 35%, 40%, 25% .
10. , ( ), = 220 /. 30%
11. : : : ; 25%, 40%, 35% .
12. , , = 198,75/
13. : , , 2: 3: 4.
14. , , 1: 2: 3 .