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:




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㳿 .




1.. .

. , , . , , ( , , ). . , -, , .

4350:2004 (ISO 660:1996, NEQ) 볯. , (), , (). ; - /; .

, , ? . . ( , , ) 㳿 . . 䳿 (.1).

, ( ) . , , , , .

1. .

2--()-R --()-R + H2O ↔ 2--()-R 2-H --()-R + R(CO)OH 2--()-R
2-H --()-R + H2O ↔ 2--()-R 2-H -H + R(CO)OH 2--()-R
2--H --H + H2O ↔ 2--()-R 2-H -H + R(CO)OH 2-H

 

, , . , 䳿 , , , , , , , , . , , , 100% , . , , , 볿 ( ), , . . , 10 15 . 2 /, 4 / . (10-15 ) 2 /. ??1., IJ , , .

1.1.

볿 .

2009 ., / 2010 ., / 2014, / 1 2015, /
1,13 1,27 1,99 1,44
1,70 1,74 1,85 1,18
1,85 1,46 - -
³ 2,11 1,30 1,67 1,15
1,55 1,20 1,56 1,27
" - " (. ) 1,29 0,86 0,95   0,95
"ʳ" (. ʳ) 1,20 1,46 -   -
2,07 1,48 2,69 1,64
0,90 0,87 1,77 0,86
"" (. ') 1,15 0,97 - -
1,43 1,47 1,73 1,36
̳ " " 1,35 1,15 - -
ͳ 1,35 1,40 2,86 1,46
" " () 1,04 1,27 - -
. 1,48 1,37 1,29 1,09
1,50 1,40 1,94 1,23
³ - - 1,83 1,41
ͳ 2,07 2,33 - -
ͳ 1,89 2,03 - -
           

 

, 쳿 볺 , , (), , /. , (-, ) .

, , , Ѳ. ( Ѳ) /3 /.

? . , , , , . -, [1,2] , , . ( ) - . , , , , .

( ). , , , 볿, =2,0 /. , 볿. - , - , , , , , [1]. , 볿 200,0 /. :

.. - 100% - % ......   = (/)×100% = (2/200) ×100% = 1%.

, /. , , , , , 볿, , . , , 200 / 3/. % = 2 /, (2/203) ×100% = 0,985; (2/197) ×100% = 1,052. , , , , , 2. 볿 . , , 볿, 볿 . . 2 . 볿 - (12:0) (14:0), , 볿 275 /. ( , , , 볿 2 /), 볿 (2/275) ×100% = 0,727: % 볿 2,75. ??2. .

1.2.

 
/  
280,08  
245,68  
218,80  
197,23  
179,52  
164,73  
152,20  
141,48  
132,09  
123,91  

 

/ , , , . , , ( = 198,75 /). , , 볿 :

-. - 100% - %   ...... = (/)×100% = (2/198,75) ×100% ≈ 1,01%.≈1,0%

 

( ) . ( , , 볿) . 볿 , 볿 , 볿 . .

Ѳ. / /3 ; 㳿 /.

, Ѳ 볿 = 2 /.

1 , 2 , 1 , 1 볿 Ѳ: 2×10-3 /56,11 = 3,564×10-5 , 1 1000. 2 / =3,564×10-2/ . /, 1000, , 1 1000 1 .

2 / =35,64 /; , , /. Ѳ : (198,75×10-3 /56,11) ×103 = 3,542 /.

, , , . , , , 볿 = 2,2/..

, 1 볿. NaOH 3% 10%. 5%. , 20%÷40%, 30%. 1 볿 2.2 ×106 = 2,2 . NaOH : 40,00/56,11 = 0,713. ( ) 2,2 ×0,713 = 1,57 . 5% NaOH :

2,2 NaOH - 5 % - 100 %   ...... = (2,2×100%)/5 = 44

44 + 44×(30/100) =

57,2 (5%) NaOH 볿.

. - , :

. -. - 1000 -   . . = (1000×)/ . -, . - = (1000×)/

( ) ( ).

, . ij , () . , , .

. , (14:0) . , 241 /.. 228,36; = 56110/228,36 = 245,68 /.

:

(228,36/245,68) ×100% = 92,95%.

, , , ( ) ( ) . , , .

. , , = 220 /. . , . + = 1.

198,75× + 245,68× =220; 198,75 +245,68(1-) = 220.

: 198,75 -245,68 = 220 245,68;

46,93 = 25,68; = 25,68/46,93 = 0,547 54,7%.

: 1 0,547 = 0,453 45,3%.

, . , (=197,23); (=218,8); ( = 280,08). , : 0,2; 0,5 0,3 .

: 197,23× 0,2 + 218,8× 0,5 + 280,08× 0,3 = 39,45 + 109,40 +

84,02= 232,87 /.

.

1. 볿 % ( ), Ѳ, 볿 = 1,6 /.

2. 볿 % ( ) Ѳ, 볿 = 4,8 /.

3. 볿 % ( ) Ѳ, 볿 = 3,2 /.

4. 볿 % ( ) Ѳ, 볿 = 2,9 /.

5. NaOH 40 /3, 볿 = 1,7 /. 30%.

6. NaOH 9 %, 볿 = 2,1 /. 40%.

7. , 2:3.

8. , = 210 /.

9. : : : , 35%, 40%, 25% .

10. , ( ), = 220 /. 30%

11. : : : ; 25%, 40%, 35% .

12. , , = 198,75/

13. : , , 2: 3: 4.

14. , , 1: 2: 3 .

 

 





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