1. , 2,710-11 / H+, pH ________________ (10,57; 10,43; 11,57; 11,43).
2. , 310-7 / H+, pH _________________(6,48; 7,48; 6,52; 7,52).
3. - = 10 _________\3.
4. =3.09 .
5. =10,57
6. pH = 5,7
7. (II) , 12,5 100 ( ), ___________ /.
8. 500 3 , 106 , . ________ /.
9. , 100 2,5 0,1 HCl, ____ /.
10. , 100 3 0,1 HCl, ____ /.
11. 2,5 / Ca(HCO3)2 ____________ .
12. 4,1 / Ca(HCO3)2 _____ .
13. , 1,5 /, CaHCO3 ____ .
14. , 4,1 -/, 1000 ____ Ca(OH)2 ( .)
15. , 3,6 -/, 1000 ____ Ca(OH)2 ( .)
16. , 1,8 -/, 100 _______ ()2.
17. , 2,4 -/, 100 _______ ()2.
19. ()2. 1000 3, n2+ = 275 /3, 10 %- , , ()2 ______ .
20. . 1000 3, 3, 80 %- ______ .
21. . 2000 3, 4, 80 % ______ .
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22. . 500 3, 2, 80 %- ______ .
1. , : Fe+2; Sn+2; Ag+; Cu+2._______________________________
2. , : Pb+2; Sn+2; Ag+; Cd+2_______________________________
3. , : Au3+; Cu2+; Pb2+; Ni2+______________________________
4. KBr ___________________(H2 O2; K Br2; K HBr, O2; H2, Br2, KOH).
5. Pb(NO3)2 ___________(H2 O2; Pb O2, HNO3; H2 NO2, Pb(OH)2; Pb O2).
6. ZnCl2
7. NaNO3
8. , ______________ (CuCl2; Cu(NO3)2; NaCl; Na2SO4).
9. SnCl2 8,96 , _____ . ( .).
10. SnCl2 2,24 , _____ . ( .)
11. AuCl3 6 30 6,5 , ____%. ( .
12. AuCl3 4 40 6 , ____%. ( .).
13. KOH 6 30 ____ . ( .).
14. KOH 6 20 ____ . ( .).
15. . 1000 3, t4+ 1,0 /3, , 22,9 80 %, ____ . ( ; Ar(Pt) = 195; F = 96500 /.).
16. 1000 3, Pd2+ 0,53 /3, , 22,3 80 %, ______ . (Ar (Pd)=106; F=96500 /.).
17. 1000 3, Pd2+ 10.6 /3, , 22,3 80 %, ______ . (Ar (Pd)=106; F=96500 /.)
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18. 1500 3, Ag+ 20,16 /3, , 22,33 90 %, ______ . (Ar (Ag)=108; F=96500 /.).
19. Ag, AgNO3 5 20 90 %, ___ .
20. Ag, AgNO3 4 35 96 %, ___ .
21. ( 100 %) ____ : Cd, Hg, Mg, Cu.
1. / , , , : Pb; Ca; Sn; Mg.
2. / : , , , ____________
3. / :
Al2O3 (-1582), NiO (-211,6), CuO (-129,4), Cr2O3 (-1059), CO2(-394,38). ____
4. / :
Al2O3 (-1582), MgO(-569,6), CuO(-129,4), Cr2O3(-1059), Fe2O3(-740,3). _______
5. Pb : C + PbO = Pb + CO + ∆H1, , : + 2 = 2 + ∆2, 828 Pb ______ . : ∆H PbO = - 218, ∆H CO = -111, ∆H = CO2 = -394 /.