Linux (Ubuntu).
shell ......3
Linux..............3
X Window....3
텅.....4
.......5
Linux .5
KDE .. 6
GNOME .. 6
1. 8
.. 8
.. 8
腅.... 9
Windows. MASM..10
.. 10
......12
2. 13
13
.13
EXE 腅...13
COM 腅......15
3 15
16
.16
....17 腅..19
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Linux (Ubuntu). shell .
Linux
X Window
X Window 11 ( X Window 11) , Linux.
X Window 볺-, . -볺, - , , - . - , -볺, -볺. - , , -볺 - , . -볺 , -볺 . 볺- , .
X Window , - -볺 . , xcalc, X Window, /usr/X11R6/bin/X, -, xcalc -볺. -볺, :
- ;
- ;
- ;
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- (, ..)
Linux, Unix, 7 ( + ). ϳ Linux , - . , -. - <Alt> + <Fz> ( z=1,2,,7), <Ctrl> + <Alt> + <Fz>, z=1,2,,6.
( , ) -볺, : , , . Linux GNOME KDE. , , .
twm (tab window manager). twm . : , , , , -볺. twm :
Twm
Iconify
Resize
Move
Raise
Lower
-----------
Focus
Unfocus
ShowIconmgr
HideIconmgr
---------------
Xterm
------------- -
Kill
Delete
--------------
Restart
Exit
, Xterm , - -볺, - . Kill -볺.
twm .
Linux : fvwm, fvwm2, fvwm95, kwin, Enlightenment, sawfish, mvm.
KDE kwin. GNOME Enlightenment ( ), sawfish.
1. Linux
. :
(, , );
() ;
;
;
.
, , , , . (: , ..). , - .
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Linux, Windows, . . , .
- -볺 . -볺 . , .
2. KDE
KDE (K Desktop Environment ). Trolltech.
KDE ᒺ- . KDE ᒺ, 䳿.
KDE . , , . (Control Center), Microsoft Windows.
ᒺ Qt, , , . , KDE . . , , , . , . , .
KDE . KDE, .
, KDE. KDE Qt, ++, .
, - , KDE.
KDE , . , KDE: kdm, kwin, Konqueror. , Linux Konqueror, .
3. GNOME
GNOME , KDE. GNOME , Trolltech KDE. , , 糿 GPL ( ). : GNOME - GNU Network Obect Model Environment (GNU GNUs Not Unix). - . 2000 GNOME Foundation.
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GNOME , , . , , , . , GNOME, .
GNOME KDE, Open Source.
KDE Microsoft Windows, GNOME , Enlightenment, ( sawfish). GNOME gdm, , - Nautilus.
KDE GNOME , . , KDE, GNOME , .
KDE, GNOME :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- 㳿 drag-and-drop , , ;
- .
,
switchdesk,
X Window. ϳ , /etc/sysconfig/desktop. .
1.
shell , , shell, (, ), :
, , +, -, *. . , . .
:
1. .
1.1. gdialog .
1.2. ptext.txt.
1.3. .
1.4. ptext.txt ptext.
1.5. .
2. .
2.1. .
2.2. .
2.3. .
2.4. , $m 1.
3. .
3.1. - . , l.
4. - .
4.1. l.
4.2. l text1.txt.
4.3. l , gdialog
:
#!/bin/bash
gdialog --inputbox " " 10 60 2> ptext.txt #
z=0 #
if [ $? -ne 1 ]; #
then #
ptext=$(cat ptext.txt) #
echo $ptext; # ( )
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for i in $ptext; #
do
m=0
n=${#i}; #
k=0
while [ $k -lt $n ] # , k
do
byk=${i:$k:1} # byk
k-
case $byk in #
0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9) m=$(($m+1));; # byk
*);; # byk
esac #
k=$(($k+1)) #
done
if [ $m -gt $z ] #
then z=$m #
l=$i #
fi
done
fi
echo 'Slovo s naibolshem kolichestvom cufer: ' $l #
echo $l>text1.txt #
gdialog --title ' :'\ #
--textbox./text1.txt 10 60 2 #
exit 0
Windows. MASM.
ò
p 16 , . , . ' ( ):
: 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
: * * * * O D I T S Z * A * P * C
.
CF (Carry Flag) - . ̳ "" (0 1) .
PF (Parity Flag) - . - . 0, - 1. - .
AF (Auxiliary Carry Flag) - . 1, ( 3) . ASCII .
ZF (Zero Flag) - . a . , , - . , , , 0 "" (.. ), "" (.. ). JE JZ . SF (SIgn Flag) - . ( ) p: 0, - 1. JG JL .
TF (Trap Flag) - . - , DEBUG. c, , .
IF (Interrupt Flag) - . , - .
DF (DIrection Flag) - . - . SI DI, , - , (. .11).
OF (Overflow Flag) - . Գ , / () . : CMP
AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF. , . - , , BX :
CMP BX,00; BX
JZ B50; B50 . (䳿 )
B50:...; BX=0
BX , CMP ZF , ( ) . JZ ( ) ZF. ZF, , , , B50.
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CMP , . , . . , ; . , . . .4.11 32= ' AX . , . . , : 1, VALUE .
32= . , , ' . OR , , , 0 , 0. - ; 1, .
2.
MASM . EXE COM .
n, a1, , an. , a1 1, a1, a2, , an.
:
1. ij 2.
2. .
2.1. .
2.2. . . , , .
3. , .
EXE :
assume CS:code, DS:Data
code segment
begin: mov ax,data
mov ds,ax
mov bl,2; 2
mov ax,0;
mov si,-1
ii: inc si;
cmp si,len;
je fin;
;
mov al,mas1[SI]; al
div bl; 2
cmp ah,1; = 1( ),
je ii;
mov al,mas1[SI]
cmp min,al;
jb ii; ,
mov min,al; min
jmp ii
fin: mov bl,10;
xor ax,ax
mov al,min
div bl
add al,48
add ah,48
mov bl,ah
mov y,al
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
mov y,bl
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
exit:
mov ah,4ch
int 21h
code ends
data segment
min db 254;
len dw 10;-
mas1 db 14,44,11,5,64,3,123,1,44,30;
y db " $"
data ends
stk segment stack
db 256 dup()
stk ends
end begin
COM :
CODESG SEGMENT PARA 'Code'
ASSUME CS:CODESG,DS:CODESG,SS:CODESG,ES:CODESG
ORG 100H; PSP
begin: jmp l1
min db 254;
len dw 10;-
mas1 db 14,44,11,5,64,3,123,1,44,30;
y db " $"
l1: mov bl,2; 2
mov ax,0;
mov si,-1
ii: inc si;
cmp si,len;
je fin;
;
mov al,mas1[SI]; al
div bl; 2
cmp ah,1; = 1( ),
je ii;
mov al,mas1[SI]
cmp min,al;
jb ii; ,
mov min,al; min
jmp ii
fin: mov bl,10;
xor ax,ax
mov al,min
div bl
add al,48
add ah,48
mov bl,ah
mov y,al
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
mov y,bl
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
exit:
mov ah,4ch
int 21h
codesg ends
end begin
3.
1. MASM32 .
2. - API.
(m,n) , ..
:
1. - n-i n .
2. .
assume CS:code, DS:Data
code segment
begin: mov ax,data
mov ds,ax
mov bx,row
mov ax,col
mul bx
mov dob,ax; dob -
mov ax,0;
xor cx,cx;
mov cx,row
incRow: push cx;
mov di,cx
dec di
mov cx,col
incCol: mov si,cx;
dec si
mov bx,col;
mov ax,di;
mul bx;
mov bx,ax;
mov ax,0;
mov al,mas1[bx][si]
push ax;
mov r,di;
mov di,row;
dec di;
sub di,r; mas2 mas1
mov bx,col;
mov ax,di;
mul bx;
mov bx,ax;
pop ax;
mov mas2[bx][si],al; - mas2 n-1
loop incCol
pop cx
loop incRow
;;;;;;;;
mov si,0
mov DI,0
dec col
fin: mov bl,10
xor ax,ax
mov al,mas2[DI]
div bl; 10
add al,48; 48,
add ah,48; 48
mov bl,ah
mov y,al;
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
mov y,bl;
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
mov bl,0;
mov y,bl
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
cmp si,col
jne s
mov bl,10; col
mov y,bl
mov ah,09h
mov dx,offset y
int 21h
mov si,-1
s: inc si
inc DI
cmp DI,dob
jne fin
mov ax,4c00h
int 21h
code ends
data segment
col dw 5
row dw 7
r dw 0
dob dw 0
mas1 db 2,3,2,54,66
db 4,9,51,53,10
db 8,2,5,52,70
db 2,33,2,51,1
db 2,5,9,50,10
db 7,6,5,49,0
db 8,9,2,3,4
mas2 db 50 dup(0)
y db " $"
err db "err$"
msg db?
data ends
stk segment stack
db 256 dup()
stk ends
end begin
1. ., .. . - .: , 1988. - 392 .
2. . Red Hat Linux 6.0 ϳ. .: ϔ, 1999. - 416 .
3. . Linux: . - .: , 2001. - 688 .
4. .., .. Linux : . - : , 2002. 389 .
5. . Assembler. -: , 2001. 622 .
6. . . IBM PC. .: -, 1999. 286 .
7. ( www.PowerBuilder.sbn.bz).
