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⁠6.3.1. ()

, (shell).

,   , $ ( ). .    . command.com DOS, .   (). Linux :

  • bash   linux. ;
  • pdksh   korn shell, UNIX .

Bash (Bourne Again Shell). , :

echo $SHELL

. Bash. .

⁠6.3.2. Bash

bash . , , :

  • Ctrl + A    ;
  • Ctrl + U    ;
  • Ctrl + C    .

; , . x , . , , Ctrl + R.

, , . history. :

!

:

!!

.

. , Bash .

Tab, , . , , bunzip2. :

bu

Tab. , , , .

Tab , , bu.

, :

$ bu

buildhash builtin bunzip2

: n (bunzip   , n), . , Enter, .

, , , Bash , PATH. , ./ ( ) ( , . ), , prog , :./prog.

⁠6.3.3. Bash

, , . man. :

man ls

⁠6.3.3.1. su

. su, (root). Enter: . , exit.

⁠6.3.3.2. cd

. , . , docs. :

cd docs

/usr/bin, ( ):

cd /usr/bin/

:

cd..

( cd ..);

cd -

. cd .

⁠6.3.3.3. ls

ls (list) . :

  • -a   , ;
  • -l   .

⁠6.3.3.4. rm

.

, !

:

rm [] _

. : -i  , -r  (.. , ).

:

rm -i ~/html/*.html

html html.

⁠6.3.3.5. mkdir rmdir

mkdir , rmdir , , .

:

mkdir _

rmdir _

rmdir rm -rf, , .

⁠6.3.3.6. less

less .

:

less _

, . q.

⁠6.3.3.7. grep

.

:

grep _

⁠6.3.3.8. ps

. , PID ( )   ( , , kill).

:

ps

u , ax , (, , .).

⁠6.3.3.9. kill

, , .

:

kill PID_

kill -9 (kill -9 PID_), kill . PID ps.

⁠6.3.

AltLinux   . , .

   . , & . . , . , . , :

fg _

. Alt , F1 F6. , . , , , .

⁠7.

Linux : . ,    .

Linux, . , Linux , , . Linux ( ). . , , . , Linux: , , , , .

⁠8.

   , , ,   , . , (Enter). Linux , .

     ,    . -, . (, , ) .

, ,    (   - shell).

, , . . .

.   , . . Ctrl + Alt ( F1 F6). . , . Alt + F1 Alt + F6. Alt + F7.

Linux, . , Linux , , . Linux ( ). . , , . , Linux: , , , , .

, Linux, , .

   , , . ,    . -, $. : ,    , . Enter, .

⁠8.1.

, , cal, .

$ cal

2012

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

⁠8.2.

$ cal 4 2012

 

2012

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

 

cal 4 2012    cal . , ( ) . , ,    .

⁠8.3.

-. , ( ),    ( ). , date, -u ( --universal).

[user@localhost user]$ date

12 16:10:02 FET 2012

[user@localhost user]$ date -u

12 16:10:02 UTC 2012

. . (, , ), , . . .

, :

  • -, . -, , , , , . .
  • --, . --, .

, ,    .

, --help. , , rm, , rm --help.

⁠9.

⁠9.1. ?

Linux   ,    Linux. Linux , , . .

Linux   , . . .

Linux   root. root. root, .    . .

⁠9.2. ?

, , Synaptic , . .

⁠9.3. ?

, , .

   root.

   su (shell of user), . sh root, . , , su, , , .

su, sudo, .

su sudo, wheel. , , .

⁠9.4. ?

su -.

su , root. , $PATH, , : $PATH /sbin, /usr/sbin, route, shutdown, mkswap . , $HOME , , , root , .

, su -. su login shell, , root.

⁠10.

⁠10.1.

Linux, UNIX . , , . UID GID, .

. , . , , id, :

uid=500(test) gid=500(test) =500(test),16(rpm)

, test ( 500) test rpm. ; , .

, SUID-, SGID-, .

⁠10.2. passwd

passwd passwd shadow.

: passwd [...] [ ]

:

  • -d --delete ;
  • -f, --force ;
  • -k, --keep-tokens ;
  • -l, --lock ;
  • --stdin ;
  • -S, --status ;
  • -u, --unlock ;
  • -?, --help ;
  • --usage ;
  • -V, --version .

: passwd 0. 1 , . .

⁠10.3.

useradd passwd:

[root@localhost root]# useradd test1

 

[root@localhost root]# passwd test1

passwd: updating all authentication tokens for user test1.

 

You can now choose the new password or passphrase.

 

A valid password should be a mix of upper and lower case letters,

digits, and other characters. You can use an 8 character long

password with characters from at least 3 of these 4 classes, or

a 7 character long password containing characters from all the

classes. An upper case letter that begins the password and a

digit that ends it do not count towards the number of character

classes used.

 

A passphrase should be of at least 3 words, 11 to 40 characters

long, and contain enough different characters.

 

Alternatively, if no one else can see your terminal now, you can

pick this as your password: "holder5dinghy-Arm".

 

Enter new password:

test1 . , ( ). passwd , ( root) .

AltLinux PAM passwdqc.

useradd , . , , UID .

⁠10.4.

usermod:

usermod -G audio,rpm,test1 test1

, test1 audio, rpm, test1.

usermod -l test2 test1

test1 test2.

usermod -L test2 usermod -U test2 test2 .

.

chpasswd. , :.

⁠10.5.

userdel.

userdel test2 test2 . -d, . , .

vigr vipw /etc/passwd /etc/group, .

. . ( chmod chown).

⁠11. systemd sysvinit

⁠11.1.

⁠11.1.1.

:

  1. BIOS
  2. ( LILO, grub ).
  3. Linux
  4.   init

init. Ÿ . , init , pstree.

init , .

⁠11.1.2.

   , .

, sysvinit . systemd sysVinit.

systemd ( system daemon).

⁠11.2. systemd sysvinit

⁠11.2.1. sysvinit

System V   , . : init /etc/inittab, .

⁠11.2.2. systemd

systemd Linux, System V init launchd (OS X), SMF (Solaris) Upstart (Ubuntu, Fedora), . , , .

systemd (system daemon) . , , . (-- , ) ( ). cgroups, .

systemd    . sysvinit, .

⁠11.2.3. systemd

systemd ALT Linux Wiki: http://www.altlinux.org/

⁠11.3. , systemd

, service chkconfig systemd . systemctl.

56.1.

Sysvinit Systemd
service frobozz start systemctl start frobozz.service ( )
service frobozz stop systemctl stop frobozz.service ( )
service frobozz restart systemctl restart frobozz.service
service frobozz reload systemctl reload frobozz.service ,
service frobozz condrestart systemctl condrestart frobozz.service ,
service frobozz status systemctl status frobozz.service ,
ls /etc/rc.d/init.d/ systemctl list-unit-files --type=service (preferred) ls /lib/systemd/system/*.service /etc/systemd/system/*.service , . .
chkconfig frobozz on systemctl enable frobozz.service ,
chkconfig frobozz off systemctl disable frobozz.service ,
chkconfig frobozz systemctl is-enabled frobozz.service ,
chkconfig --list systemctl list-unit-files --type=service(preferred) ls /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/ . , ()
chkconfig frobozz --list ls /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/frobozz.service , ()
chkconfig frobozz --add systemctl daemon-reload ,

⁠11.4. systemd

systemd . journalctl. , syslog.

journalctl :

  • journalctl -a - ;
  • journalctl -f - .

:

  • journalctl _PID 1 - (init).

, journalctl. man journalctl.

⁠12. Linux.

- , .   -   , . , - , , . - , , . .

   , . . ,    : - (, ), , (, ). , , - ,   .

   .    ,    .

.

⁠12.1. ?

? -, , , , - . : , , , , , . ,    ( ).

-, : , , . , , . .   , , , : .

-, - , , , , - . , , , ( , () , , - ?). , : 1 , 2, 4,   ,    , .

   , . , , , -. , , . : , , () USB, , - . ?

, , : , , , , . , , . , , : .

⁠12.2. ?

. , ?

, (, USB, flash-) - , ( USB-, USB- ..). :

  • ;
  • (, , );
  • / .

(bus). , , , , ̻.

( ).   , - ( ). , : , .

, . , , PCI   . , PCI lspci ( list PCI, pciutils):

[tmpuser@arnor tmpuser]$ lspci

0000:00:00.0 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8377 [KT400/KT600 AGP] Host Bridge (rev 80)

0000:00:01.0 PCI bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8237 PCI Bridge

0000:00:0f.0 RAID bus controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VIA VT6420 SATA RAID Controller (rev 80)

0000:00:0f.1 IDE interface: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C586A/B/VT82C686/A/B/VT823x/A/C PIPC Bus Master IDE (rev 06)

0000:00:10.0 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev 81)

0000:00:10.1 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev 81)

0000:00:10.2 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev 81)

0000:00:10.3 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev 81)

0000:00:10.4 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. USB 2.0 (rev 86)

0000:00:11.0 ISA bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8237 ISA bridge [KT600/K8T800/K8T890 South]

0000:00:11.5 Multimedia audio controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8233/A/8235/8237 AC97 Audio Controller (rev 60)

0000:00:12.0 Ethernet controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 78)

0000:01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc Radeon R100 QD [Radeon 7200]

   Radeon 72002   , ( - ).   Multimedia audio controller, Ethernet controller, VGA compatible controller ..   , .

PCI   USB, . , , . lsusb ( , , usbutils), , lspci, ( /usr/sbin):

[tmpuser@arnor tmpuser]$ /usr/sbin/lsusb

Bus 005 Device 001: ID 0000:0000

Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000

Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000

Bus 002 Device 002: ID 046d:c00c Logitech, Inc. Optical Wheel Mouse

Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000

Bus 001 Device 003: ID 08ec:0012 M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers

Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000

USB- ( lspci), flash-,   . , , , , . , flash- usb_storage, /media/usbdisk.

/sys . , /sys/bus/ /devices. , , PCI USB,    , ( , ..).

: (, , ) , . , - ?

⁠12.3. ?

, , ,    ? : , , . USB, ? , ? , 3d!?

   . , : .

:

  • , , . , , PCI- USB-. modprobe _ ( insmod). (, - ) /sys/class/ _ /.
  •    X11 (X.Org). , X.Org ( /etc/X11/xorg.conf). (, ), .
  •    , , -. , .
  •    (plug-in) (,    sane, iRiver ifp ifp-line).    , , , .

,   , ( , ). , .

⁠12.4. ?

Linux (device) , /dev. ?

, , - / .    , . () , , :           . , . , , ,    .

Linux. , , hotplug, , , /dev , , . -, , , ,    . , - /dev/fd0, ( floppy disk 0),    /dev/mouse ( /dev/mouse   -    /dev/psaux, PS/2).

- (device), -   . /dev/ , , .

, -, , . , , , /dev/ttyS1 (    ttyS0). , ttyS   - , , .

   USB. USB- , . , , - usbdev.., . flash-; - (, /dev/sda /dev/sda1, /media/usbdisk). , : , / . , , gphoto2. -, /dev/usbdev. . , , gphoto2.

⁠12.5. ?

, , , , .

( /sys/bus lspci, ).

Hotplug ( modprobe,    /etc/modules.conf).

, , udevd, - /dev, ( /dev , , udev ).

, Linux . , (    , , , ..).

, ( lspci , http://www.google.com). , ( , , ) , .

, . , : , , . , Linux- . ( , ) , , , . , , Linux.

, , , , . , , Linux, . : , Linux-! , ,    .

⁠13.

Linux , . . .

: , , , .

⁠13.1.

UNIX, Linux, . Ÿ , , . ., .

⁠13.1.1. Man

man ( manual). . , man _. , , date, :

$ man date

, , . . , , , .

man apropos. , , , , apropos date , , man -k (, man -k copy). , , . man .

, , . , man . , man q. man man man.

. , , Linux. , , , , ! , , , .

, . man-pages-ru. , , , man .

⁠13.1.2. Info

Linux   info. , , , . info   , . info , , ( *). h. info info info. info, , info, .

⁠13.2.

, , /usr/share/doc   .

, /usr/share/doc/_. , foo-1.0-alt1 /usr/share/doc/foo-1.0-alt1. , , rpm -qld __.

README, FAQ, TODO, hangeLog . README    , , . FAQ ; , , , , FAQ . TODO . hangeLog .

, , rpm -qi __. , , .

, , Linux. HOWTO HTML ( . how to   ) /usr/share/doc/HOWTO/ ( ) Linux-.

⁠13.3. ,

, , , , . , .

, , , . , , - ( F1), , .





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