, , , , , . .
. , , . , , : . : .
. , . , , . , , (: ?), , , (, ?). , - .
( ) Information Management System (IMS) IBM, 1968 . Time-Shared Date Management System (TDMS) Development Corporation, Mark IV Multi-Access Retrieval System Control Data Corporation .
. , , , . , (), . , . .
, , , . , , . , , .
. .. , . 1969-1970 IBM. , .
. :
|
|
.
, .. (, ..).
.
.
.
, () , ( ) () . , , , , , .
, . . , ( ).
:
. .
. .
. , ,
.
.. , , . , , , .. . , , . ( , ..) .
( ) . , , , .. , , .
, , . , . . , , . :
|
|
, . , , .
, , . , , .
, . , , .
.. , .. . . , .
, . , () , .. , . :
(1NF). , , .
(2NF). , , , , , - .
(3NF). , , .
- (BCNF), (4NF 5NF), .
. , , . , , , , .
:
.
.
.
, 1990- () , .
. - , , . - , , .. ( , , ), , , . : , . , , , . : IBM Lotus Notes/Domino, Jasmine, ObjectStore.
, . . , .