3. () .
4. () , .
.
1. 33 = 3 ∙ 11
121 = 112
(33; 121) = 11
(33; 121) = 3 ∙ 112.
2. a = 23 ∙ 310 ∙ 5 ∙ 72
b = 25 ∙ 3 ∙ 11
(a; b) = 23 ∙ 3
(a; b) = 25 ∙ 310 ∙ 5 ∙ 72 ∙ 11.
3. a = 25 ∙ 36 ∙ 62 ∙ 8 = 210 ∙ 38
b = 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 73 ∙ 15 = 2 ∙ 32 ∙ 5 ∙ 73
(a; b) = 2 ∙ 32
(a; b) = 210 ∙ 38 ∙ 5 ∙ 73.
, , . - .
, , , () , . .
, ( ).
5. , () 1.
, , , , .
6. a b r, :
a = q ∙ b + r,
q r , 0 ≤ |r| < b. r = 0 , a b.
. , , : 0 ≤ r < b.
, :
. a b b . r = 0, 1, 2, , b 1.
.
1. .
2. .
. n 1 n 2, m. , 6,
n 1 = q 1 ∙ m + r 1
n 2 = q 2 ∙ m + r 2,
q 1, q 2 , r 1, r 2 .
n 1 n 2,
n 1 n 2 = (q 1∙ m + r 1)(q 2 ∙ m + r 2) =
= q 1 q 2 ∙ m 2 + q 1 r 2 ∙ m + q 2 r 1 ∙ m + r 1 r 2 =
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= m ∙ (q 1 q 2 m + q 1 r 2 + q 2 r 1) + r 1 r 2.
m ∙ (q 1 q 2 m + q 1 r 2 + q 2 r 1), , m. , n 1 n 2 m, r 1 r 2 m.
. 1.
7. a b m ( m), m . m .
. a b m, , a ≡ b (mod m).
. 32 18 7, 32 = 7 ∙ 4 + 4 18 = 7 ∙ 2 + 4. 18 ≡ 32 (mod 7).
- . , , .
1. , 10, 1000. .
, , , . , , , . - !
1. 1000 = 23 ∙ 53, . , , 10. , 53, 23. 53 + 23 = 125 + 8 = 133.
, 1000, .
, () (). .
. a b :
(a, b) ∙ (a, b) = ab.
. (a, b) = m. , , :
a = a 1 m,
b = b 1 m,
a 1 b 1 (a 1, b 1) = 1.
, (a, b) = a 1 b 1 m.
, (a, b) ∙ (a, b) = m ∙ a 1 b 1 m = a 1 m ∙ b 1 m = ab.
. , .
a b m, a, b m.
! , , - ( ) .
.
2 ( ): a b , (a, b) + (a, b) = a + b.
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, a b .
. (a, b) = m. a = a 1 m, b = b 1 m, (a 1, b 1) = 1. (a, b) = a 1 b 1 m. (a, b) + (a, b) = a + b. .
m + a 1 b 1 m = a 1 m + b 1 m;
m (1 + a 1 b 1) = m (a 1 + b 1).
m , , .
1 + a 1 b 1 = a 1 + b 1;
1 + a 1 b 1 a 1 b 1 = 0;
(1 a 1) b 1(1 a 1) = 0;
(1 a 1)(1 b 1) = 0.
, a 1 b 1 . , a 1 = 1, a = m b, , a ( ). , b 1 = 1, b = m , , a b.
1. , , , .
, .
. 39 , , , . , , , .
: , .
, , . .
:
k, , a 0 , a 1 .
m , , , .
:
r 1 10 m;
r 2 10 ∙ r 1 m;
r 3 10 ∙ r 2 m;
rn 10 ∙ rn 1 m.
:
r 1 ≡ 10 (mod m);
ri ≡ 10 ∙ ri 1 (mod m), i = 2, 3, , n.
m , , , m , .
, i = i 0: ri + p = ri, p { ri } ( ). , r 0 = 1.
k m ,
rn ∙ an + + r 2 ∙ a 2 + r 1 ∙ a 1 + a 0.
, . .
1 ( 2).
:
r 0 = 1;
r 1 ≡ 10 (mod 2) = 0;
r 2 ≡ 10 ∙ 0 (mod 2) = 0;
rn ≡ 0.
, 2 , 0 ∙ an + + 0 ∙ a 2 + 0 ∙ a 1 + a 0 = a 0.
: 2 2, , , 2, .
2 ( 3 9).
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m = 3 m = 9. 10 3, 9, 1, ri = 1 (i = 0, 1, 2, , n).
, 3 ( 9) 3 (, 9), , , 3 ( 9), 3 ( 9).
3 ( 7).
m = 7. :
r 0 = 1;
r 1 ≡ 10 (mod 7) = 3;
r 2 ≡ 10 ∙ 3 (mod 7) = 30 (mod 7) = (4 ∙ 7 + 2) (mod 7) = 2;
r 3 ≡ 10 ∙ 2 (mod 7) = 20 (mod 7) = (2 ∙ 7 + 6) (mod 7) = 6;
r 4 ≡ 10 ∙ 6 (mod 7) = 60 (mod 7) = (8 ∙ 7 + 4) (mod 7) = 4;
r 5 ≡ 10 ∙ 4 (mod 7) = 40 (mod 7) = (5 ∙ 7 + 5) (mod 7) = 5;
r 6 ≡ 10 ∙ 5 (mod 7) = 50 (mod 7) = (7 ∙ 7 + 1) (mod 7) = 1.
r 6 = 1 = r 0 .
, 7 7 a 0 + 3 a 1 + 2 a 2 + 6 a 3 + 4 a 4 + 5 a 5+ a 6 + .
48916. ,
48916 ≡ 6 + 3 ∙ 1 + 2 ∙ 9 + 6 ∙ 8 + 4 ∙ 4 = 6 + 3 + 18 + 48 + 16 = 91 ≡ 1 + 3 ∙ 9 = 1 + 27 = 28 ≡ 0 (mod 7). , 48916 7.
, , . .
. 4: 4, , 2 , 4.
, : . . , , 1381955 690713. , , . .
: a b (a > b) a b; , b a b a. , (a, b) = (b, a b). , , .
, .
4. 451 287:
(451, 287) = (287, 164) =
= (164, 123) =
= (123, 41) =
= (82, 41) =
= (41, 41) =
= 41.
, : a a b, a b. , .
5. 1381955 690713:
(1381955, 690713) = (690713, 529) =
= (529, 368) =
= (368, 161) =
= (161, 46) =
= (46, 23) =
= (23, 0) =
= 23.
, .
3. 2 n + 13 n + 7 (n ϵ N).
. (2 n + 13, n + 7) = (n + 7, n + 6) = (n + 6, 1) = 1.
, .
1 ( 2010, 7 ). 2010 , 2, ?
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. , 2010 , 2, 2009 1. , , 2009 . , , 2010 .
, , . , .
2 ( 2010, 8 ). 2010 , 4, ?
. , 2010 , 4 ( 2009 1), 2 ( 2008 1). 4 (. 1). , 2. . , : 1002 1, 1006 1, 2.
, , , .
. , , - . , .
. , , .
3. , . (, , .)
. . , . p 1, p 2, , pn , . a = p 1 p 2 pn + 1. , , , 1. , , , a , p 1, p 2, , pn.
, . , , .
, (. 8).
4. , n.
. , , . (30 n + 2, 12 n + 1) = (12 n + 1, 6 n) = (6 n, 1) = 1. , .
? . .
5. , 6.
. , 3.
6. , ) 30; ) 120.
. , 3, , 5, , 4.
()*. 56 a = 65 b. , a + b .
( ). 56 65 , , a = 65 k, b = 56 k, k . a + b = 65 k + 56 k = 121 k. , 121 k k , 121 = 112 .
7. p . , p ?
. , p p 1. , p, p ( , p, ).
8. , , .
. , d n, n / d n. , n , . , - . , d n / d , d = n / d, n = d 2, .
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