.


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3. () .

4. () , .

.

1. 33 = 3 ∙ 11

121 = 112

(33; 121) = 11

(33; 121) = 3 ∙ 112.

2. a = 23 ∙ 310 ∙ 5 ∙ 72

b = 25 ∙ 3 ∙ 11

(a; b) = 23 ∙ 3

(a; b) = 25 ∙ 310 ∙ 5 ∙ 72 ∙ 11.

3. a = 25 ∙ 36 ∙ 62 ∙ 8 = 210 ∙ 38

b = 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 73 ∙ 15 = 2 ∙ 32 ∙ 5 ∙ 73

(a; b) = 2 ∙ 32

(a; b) = 210 ∙ 38 ∙ 5 ∙ 73.

, , . - .

, , , () , . .

, ( ).

5. , () 1.

, , , , .

 

6. a b r, :

a = qb + r,

q r , 0 ≤ |r| < b. r = 0 , a b.

. , , : 0 ≤ r < b.

, :

. a b b . r = 0, 1, 2, , b 1.

.

1. .

2. .

. n 1 n 2, m. , 6,

n 1 = q 1 m + r 1

n 2 = q 2m + r 2,

q 1, q 2 , r 1, r 2 .

n 1 n 2,

n 1 n 2 = (q 1m + r 1)(q 2m + r 2) =

= q 1 q 2m 2 + q 1 r 2m + q 2 r 1m + r 1 r 2 =

= m ∙ (q 1 q 2 m + q 1 r 2 + q 2 r 1) + r 1 r 2.

m ∙ (q 1 q 2 m + q 1 r 2 + q 2 r 1), , m. , n 1 n 2 m, r 1 r 2 m.

. 1.

7. a b m ( m), m . m .

. a b m, , ab (mod m).

. 32 18 7, 32 = 7 ∙ 4 + 4 18 = 7 ∙ 2 + 4. 18 ≡ 32 (mod 7).

- . , , .

1. , 10, 1000. .

, , , . , , , . - !

1. 1000 = 23 ∙ 53, . , , 10. , 53, 23. 53 + 23 = 125 + 8 = 133.

, 1000, .

, () (). .

. a b :

(a, b) ∙ (a, b) = ab.

. (a, b) = m. , , :

a = a 1 m,

b = b 1 m,

a 1 b 1 (a 1, b 1) = 1.

, (a, b) = a 1 b 1 m.

, (a, b) ∙ (a, b) = ma 1 b 1 m = a 1 mb 1 m = ab.

. , .

a b m, a, b m.

! , , - ( ) .

.

2 ( ): a b , (a, b) + (a, b) = a + b.

, a b .

. (a, b) = m. a = a 1 m, b = b 1 m, (a 1, b 1) = 1. (a, b) = a 1 b 1 m. (a, b) + (a, b) = a + b. .

m + a 1 b 1 m = a 1 m + b 1 m;

m (1 + a 1 b 1) = m (a 1 + b 1).

m , , .

1 + a 1 b 1 = a 1 + b 1;

1 + a 1 b 1 a 1 b 1 = 0;

(1 a 1) b 1(1 a 1) = 0;

(1 a 1)(1 b 1) = 0.

, a 1 b 1 . , a 1 = 1, a = m b, , a ( ). , b 1 = 1, b = m , , a b.

 

1. , , , .

, .

 

. 39 , , , . , , , .

: , .

, , . .

:

k, , a 0 , a 1 .

m , , , .

:

r 1 10 m;

r 2 10 ∙ r 1 m;

r 3 10 ∙ r 2 m;

rn 10 ∙ rn 1 m.

:

r 1 ≡ 10 (mod m);

ri ≡ 10 ∙ ri 1 (mod m), i = 2, 3, , n.

m , , , m , .

, i = i 0: ri + p = ri, p { ri } ( ). , r 0 = 1.

k m ,

rnan + + r 2a 2 + r 1a 1 + a 0.

, . .

1 ( 2).

:

r 0 = 1;

r 1 ≡ 10 (mod 2) = 0;

r 2 ≡ 10 ∙ 0 (mod 2) = 0;

rn ≡ 0.

, 2 , 0 ∙ an + + 0 ∙ a 2 + 0 ∙ a 1 + a 0 = a 0.

: 2 2, , , 2, .

2 ( 3 9).

m = 3 m = 9. 10 3, 9, 1, ri = 1 (i = 0, 1, 2, , n).

, 3 ( 9) 3 (, 9), , , 3 ( 9), 3 ( 9).

 

3 ( 7).

m = 7. :

r 0 = 1;

r 1 ≡ 10 (mod 7) = 3;

r 2 ≡ 10 ∙ 3 (mod 7) = 30 (mod 7) = (4 ∙ 7 + 2) (mod 7) = 2;

r 3 ≡ 10 ∙ 2 (mod 7) = 20 (mod 7) = (2 ∙ 7 + 6) (mod 7) = 6;

r 4 ≡ 10 ∙ 6 (mod 7) = 60 (mod 7) = (8 ∙ 7 + 4) (mod 7) = 4;

r 5 ≡ 10 ∙ 4 (mod 7) = 40 (mod 7) = (5 ∙ 7 + 5) (mod 7) = 5;

r 6 ≡ 10 ∙ 5 (mod 7) = 50 (mod 7) = (7 ∙ 7 + 1) (mod 7) = 1.

r 6 = 1 = r 0 .

, 7 7 a 0 + 3 a 1 + 2 a 2 + 6 a 3 + 4 a 4 + 5 a 5+ a 6 + .

48916. ,

48916 ≡ 6 + 3 ∙ 1 + 2 ∙ 9 + 6 ∙ 8 + 4 ∙ 4 = 6 + 3 + 18 + 48 + 16 = 91 ≡ 1 + 3 ∙ 9 = 1 + 27 = 28 ≡ 0 (mod 7). , 48916 7.

, , . .

. 4: 4, , 2 , 4.

 

, : . . , , 1381955 690713. , , . .

: a b (a > b) a b; , b a b a. , (a, b) = (b, a b). , , .

, .

4. 451 287:

(451, 287) = (287, 164) =

= (164, 123) =

= (123, 41) =

= (82, 41) =

= (41, 41) =

= 41.

, : a a b, a b. , .

5. 1381955 690713:

(1381955, 690713) = (690713, 529) =

= (529, 368) =

= (368, 161) =

= (161, 46) =

= (46, 23) =

= (23, 0) =

= 23.

, .

3. 2 n + 13 n + 7 (n ϵ N).

. (2 n + 13, n + 7) = (n + 7, n + 6) = (n + 6, 1) = 1.

, .

1 ( 2010, 7 ). 2010 , 2, ?

. , 2010 , 2, 2009 1. , , 2009 . , , 2010 .

, , . , .

2 ( 2010, 8 ). 2010 , 4, ?

. , 2010 , 4 ( 2009 1), 2 ( 2008 1). 4 (. 1). , 2. . , : 1002 1, 1006 1, 2.

, , , .

. , , - . , .

. , , .

3. , . (, , .)

. . , . p 1, p 2, , pn , . a = p 1 p 2 pn + 1. , , , 1. , , , a , p 1, p 2, , pn.

, . , , .

, (. 8).

4. , n.

. , , . (30 n + 2, 12 n + 1) = (12 n + 1, 6 n) = (6 n, 1) = 1. , .

? . .

5. , 6.

. , 3.

6. , ) 30; ) 120.

. , 3, , 5, , 4.

()*. 56 a = 65 b. , a + b .

( ). 56 65 , , a = 65 k, b = 56 k, k . a + b = 65 k + 56 k = 121 k. , 121 k k , 121 = 112 .

7. p . , p ?

. , p p 1. , p, p ( , p, ).

8. , , .

. , d n, n / d n. , n , . , - . , d n / d , d = n / d, n = d 2, .

 





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