() , , pH . Zn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Al(OH)3, Be(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 . . , .
4 .
Zn2+ +2OH- +2H2O Û Zn(OH)2 + 2H2O Û [Zn(OH)4]2- + 2H+
--------------¯ ¯--------------
OH-:
Zn(OH)2 - + 2H+ = Zn2+ + 2H2O
C H+:
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- = [Zn(OH)4]2-
6. .
, , , . - . , .
5. . .
HNO3 + NaOH = NaNO3 + H2O
- : H+ + NO3- + Na+ + OH- = Na+ + NO3- + H2O
- : H+ + OH- = H2O ( ).
: ( ).
6. . HCN + NH4OH = NH4CN + H2O
- : HCN + NH4OH = NH4+ + CN- + H2O
( 6) : ( ) . , .
. , DG<0 , DG = 0. . , 6: = [NH4+][CN-]/[HCN][NH4OH].
:
DG0T = - 2,3RTlgKC (15)
>1, DG < 0 , <1, DG > 0 .
:
|
|
=. -/. (16)
, 6, :
= KHCN.KNH4OH/KH2O = 4,9.10-9.!,76.10-5/1014=8,67.KC>1, . .
, , , , .. .
.
. : KatAn + H2O Û KatOH + HAn (17)
(pH > 7) (pH<7).
:
1. , . pH=7, .. .
2. . .
7. pH (K2S = 0,01/).
K2S H2S.
:
K2S + H2O Û KHS + KOH ( - KHS).
- :
S2- + H2O Û HS- + OH- (18)
( ) : =H2O/KHS- = 10-14/1,2.10-14 = 0,83, .. <1, . . OH- . OH-, pH .=[OH-].[ HS-]/[ S2-]. (18) , [OH-] = [ HS- ]. ( < 1), , [S2-] = 0,01/, [OH-] = Ö . [S2-] = Ö 0,83.10-2 = 9.10-2. (6) [H+]=10-14/[ OH-]=10-14/9.10-2 = 1,1.10-11.
(7) pH = -lg1,1.10-11 = 11.
. pH>7, .
3. .
, , .
8. ( = 0,01/).
MnCI2 + H2O Û MnOHCI + HCI ( MnOHCI).
- : Mn2+ + H2O Û MnOH+ + H+ ( )
: = H2O/K MnOH+ = 10-14/4.10-4 = 2,5.10-11.
H+ . pH 7.
: =[H+].[ MnOH+/[ Mn2+]. , =[ Mn2+ ] = 0,01/.
[H+] = Ö . [Mn2+] =Ö 2,5.10-11.10-2=5.10-7, pH = 6,3.
. pH < 7, .
4. .
.
|
|
9. . CH3COONH4 + H2O Û CH3COOH + NH4OH
- : CH3COO- + NH4+ + H2O Û CH3COOH + NH4OH.
: = H2O/-...
.
.
1. .
(. 2). . pH : pH ( - +) , pH . pH pH- ( ). : 1) (. - 2):
2) (. - 1):
3) (. - 3):
CH3COOH CH3COONa | ||||||||
CH3COOH | CH3COONa | |||||||
.. / | V.. | pH | .. / | V.. | V..+ V. | / | / | pH |
1, 2, 4, 5, 6 .
, pH- pH .
CH3COOH CH3COONa, pH .
1) .
2) pH CH3COONa.
3) -.
4) ?
5) (. 1) . , [CH3COOH] = C..( ).
6) H+ pH (. - 7). H+ CH3COO- :[H+] = [CH3COO-] (. - 2, 2).
7) ( 250 =1,75.10-5) :
= (. - .)/(.).100%.
8) [CH3COO-] @ [CH3COOH] @ , , . - :
[CH3COO-] @ =...V../(V..+ V..) = ( 8)
[CH3COOH] @ = ... V../ (V..+ V..) = ( 7)
9) [H+] pH , .
10) - .
2. .
Cr(OH)3 c (. 4,5).
Cr(OH)3. 5-6 Cr2(SO4)3 NaOH (, , ) . . 5-6 HCl, 5-6 NaOH.
|
|
1) :
2) - Cr(OH)3:
3) - Cr(OH)3 HCl NaOH.
4) : Cr(OH)3 ( 4)?
3. .
, . ( ).
NaOH | |||
1. | HCl | ||
2. | H2SO4 | ||
3. | CH3COOH |
0,1 (0,1 ./) : - HCl, - H2SO4, - CH3COOH. .
1) ( 2).
NaOH (NaOH=0,1/) ( 3 ).
2) ( 4 ).
3) - (. 5,6). .
4) ( - 16).
5) .
4. .
. , .
pH | |||
1. | |||
2. |
( pH-) pH .
1) - (. 7,8,9). 2) .
3) .
4) pH pH.
5. .
: 1) MgCl2 + Na2CO3 = Mg CO3 + 2NaCl
2) MgCl2 + NaHCO3 = Mg CO3 + NaCl + HCl
2-3 MgCl2, 2-3 - Na2CO3, NaHCO3.
1) , .
2) - .
3) (. - 16, 6), .
( : Mg CO3 = 2. 10-4; HCO3- = 4,7 . 10-11).
.
I. . . .
1) HJ, H2SO3 2) H2SO4, H2S 3) HF, HNO3 4) HClO4, H2CO3 5) HNO2, HCl
. :
1) (PbCl2) = 1,7 . 10-5 2) (Ag2SO4) = 7. 10-5 3) (Ag2CrO4) = 2. 10-7
4) (HgI2) = 10-26 5) (Pb(OH)2) = 5. 10-16
|
|
. , .
1)Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl = CrCl3 + 3H2O 2) AgCl + NaCl = Na [AgCl2]
3)FeCl2 + 2NH4OH = Fe(OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl 4)Hg I2 + 2KI = K2[HgI4]
5) Pb(OH)2 + Na2CO3 = PbCO3 + 2NaOH
- .
I. , :
1) HNO3 2) HF 3) NH4OH 4) NaCl
II. , Ni(OH)2 , (.. )
1) Ni SO4 2)NaOH 3) HNO3 4) H2S
III. pH H2SO3 Na2SO3:
1) 2) 3)
IV. :2H++[Pb(OH)4]2-Û Pb(OH)2+2H2OÛPb2++2OH-+2H2O.
, , ?
1) OH- 2) H+ 3) Pb2+
V. Ag+ 3.10-4/, Br- 5.10-2/. AgBr, AgBr =5 10-13.
1) 2) 3)
VI. :
1)Na2CO3+ H2O = NaHCO3+ NaOH 2)FeCI2+ H2O = FeOHCI+HCI
3)2KNO3+BaCI2=Ba(NO3)2+2KCI 4)CuCI2+2 NaOH=Cu(OH)2+2NaCI
VII.- Na2S + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2S :
1) 2Na+ + S2- + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2S 2) S2- + 2H+ = H2S
3) Na+ + Cl- = NaCl 4) Na2S +2H+ = 2Na+ + H2S
VIII. - H+ + OH- = H2O :
1) NaHCO3 + NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O 2) H2S + 2KOH = K2S + 2H2O
3) Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 = CuSO4 + 2H2O 4) Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 = Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O
IX. Kc NH4+ + H2O = NH4OH + H+ :
1) [NH4OH]+[H+] 2) [NH4+] 3) NH4+]+[H2O] 4) [NH4OH][H+]
[NH4+]+[H2O] [NH4OH][H+] [NH4OH]+[H+] [NH4+]
X. Cu2+ + H2O = CuOH+ + H+ :
1) KCuOH+/KH2 O 2) KH2 O/ KCuOH+ 3) KH2O 4) 1/ KH2O
I. 2,3 (. 1,2).
II. 1,2 (. 3)
III. 1 , . - H+, pH (. 3, 2).
IV. 2 H+ H2O (. 5, 4).
V. 1 (- 14). [Ag+].[ Br- ]=(3.10-4).(5.10-2)=1,5.10-7>AgBr>5.10-13
VI. 1,2 ( 7).
VII. 2 - ( 5,6).
VIII. 4 - .
IX. 4 . 8.
. 2 . 16, 8.