3
839−844 ( K ) ( 1).
K | , / | |||
3 | 1,8∙10−5 | 3K | 0,100 | |
HNO2 | 5,1∙10−4 | NaNO2 | 0,002 | |
1,8∙10−4 | Na | 0,500 | ||
HClO | 2,8∙10−8 | KClO | 0,001 | |
HCN | 4,9∙10−10 | LiCN | 0,005 | |
HF | 6,610−4 | NaF | 0,010 |
845−852 , ( V 1) ( V 2). 1.
V 1, | V 2, | |||
HNO3 | NaOH | |||
HCl | Ba(OH)2 | |||
HBr | KOH | |||
ClCH2COOH | CsOH | |||
HCl | LiOH | 0,5 | ||
HNO3 | Ba(OH)2 | 1,5 | ||
HBr | NaOH | |||
ClCH2COOH | KOH |
853−858 K .
K | K | ||||||
3 | 1,8∙10−5 | 5,5 | HClO | 2,8∙10−8 | 6,0 | ||
NH4OH | 1,7∙10−5 | 9,5 | HCN | 4,9∙10−10 | 5,0 | ||
HNO2 | 5,1∙10−4 | 3,5 | NH4OH | 1,7∙10−5 | 11,0 |
859−866 , 500 , (0,9) . 1.
HNO3 | 2,0 | NaOH | 11,5 | ||
HCl | 4,5 | KOH | 10,0 | ||
HBr | 3,0 | Ba(OH)2 | 13,0 | ||
HNO3 | 4,2 | KOH | 12,5 |
867−874 (S) .
S, / | S, / | ||||
Fe(OH)3 | 1,81∙10−9 | Mg(OH)2 | 6,44∙10−3 | ||
Ag2CO3 | 3,20∙10−9 | Ag2SO4 | 8,36 | ||
PbI2 | 6,22∙10−1 | Zn(OH)2 | 1,46∙10−4 | ||
CaF2 | 1,68∙10−2 | CaCO3 | 6,93∙10−3 |
875−882 , .
Mg(OH)2 | 5,510−12 | Cr(OH)3 | 6,710−31 | ||
Fe()3 | 3,810−38 | Pb(OH)2 | 1,010−15 | ||
Al(OH)3 | 5,110−33 | Zn(OH)2 | 1,310−17 | ||
Cu(OH)2 | 5,010−19 | Bi(OH)3 | 3,010−32 |
|
|
883−889. , , ( V 1, 1) ( V 2, 2). 1.
V 1, | 1, / | V 2, | 2, / | |||||
BaSO4 | 1,110−10 | BaCl2 | 0,020 | Na2SO4 | 0,100 | |||
AgCl | 1,610−10 | AgNO3 | 0,001 | l2 | 0,010 | |||
SrSO4 | 3,210−7 | Sr(NO3)2 | 0,001 | Na2SO4 | 0,005 | |||
PbI2 | 9,8 10−9 | Pb(NO3)2 | 0,040 | KI | 0,001 | |||
Ag2CO3 | 8,710−12 | AgNO3 | 0,002 | Na2CO3 | 0,010 | |||
PbSO4 | 1,610−8 | Pb(NO3)2 | 0,010 | K2SO4 | 0,010 | |||
ZnS | 7,410−27 | ZnCl2 | 0,005 | Na2S | 0,001 |
896−907 - . , K ai K bi .
, / | |||||
K a(b)i | |||||
K2SO3 | 0,005 | 2SO3 | K I = 1,710−2 K II = 6,310−8 | ||
NH4NO3 | 0,001 | NH4OH | K b= 1,7∙10−5 | ||
Na2S | 0,004 | 2S | K I = 5,710−8 K II =1,210 −15 | ||
ZnCl2 | 0,002 | Zn(OH)2 | K bI = 4,410 −5 K bII = 1,510 −9 | ||
3K | 0,100 | 3H | K = 1,8∙10−5 | ||
Pb(NO3)2 | 0,060 | Pb(OH)2 | K bI = 9,610 −4 K bII = 3,010 −8 | ||
K2SiO3 | 0,001 | H2SiO3 | K I = 2,210 −10 K II = 1,610 −12 | ||
K23 | 0,001 | 2CO3 | K I = 4,310 −7 K II = 5,610 −11 | ||
NaCN | 0,020 | HCN | K = 4,9 10 −10 | ||
NH4l | 0,010 | NH4OH | K b= 1,7∙10−5 | ||
KNO2 | 0,001 | HNO2 | K = 5,1∙10−4 | ||
K3 | 0,050 | 2CO3 | K I = 4,310 −7 K II= 5,610 −11 | ||
. .
1−12 , n .
n | (n) | n | (n) | ||||
Ni | Ni(OH)2 | 1,610−16 | Co | Co(OH)2 | 1,610−15 | ||
Zn | Zn(OH)2 | 1,410−17 | Pb | PbSO4 | 1,610−8 | ||
Cu | CuCO3 | 2,510−10 | Cd | Cd(CN)2 | 1,110−8 | ||
Sn | Sn(OH)2 | 6,310−27 | Cu | Cu(OH)2 | 8,310−20 | ||
Fe | Fe(OH)3 | 6,310−38 | Ag | Ag2SO4 | 1,610−5 | ||
Pb | PbCl2 | 1,610−5 | Cr | Cr(OH)3 | 6,310−31 |
|
|
13−22 - ( ). D rG 0298 .
φ0/, B | ||
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2ē D Mn2+ + 2H2O MnO4¯ + 4H+ + 3ē D MnO2 + 2H2O | + 1,228 + 1,692 | |
ClO3¯ + 3H2O + 6ē D Cl¯ + 6OH¯ MnO42− + 4H2 + 4ē D Mn2+ + 8O¯ | + 0,630 + 0,710 | |
NO2¯ + 5H2 + 6ē D NH3 + 7O¯ [Al(OH)4]¯ + 3ē D Al + 4OH¯ | + 0,153 − 2,236 | |
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2ē D Mn2+ + 2H2O NO3¯ + 10H+ + 8ē D NH4+ + 32 | + 1,228 + 0,870 | |
Cl2 + 2ē → 2Cl¯ 2ClO3¯ + 12H+ + 10ē → Cl2 + 62 | + 1,359 + 1,471 | |
Cr2O72¯ + 14H+ + 6ē D 2Cr3+ + 7H2O H2O2 + 2H+ + 2ē D 22 | +1,331 + 1,770 | |
2ClO¯ + 2H2O + 2ē D Cl2 + 4OH¯ BrO3¯ + 22 + 4ē D BrO¯ + 4OH¯ | + 0,405 + 0,540 | |
2NO2¯ + 4H2O + 6ē D N2 + 8OH¯ MnO42¯ + 2H2O + 2ē D MnO2 + 4OH¯ | + 0,411 + 0,579 | |
NO3¯ + H2O + ē D N2 + 2OH¯ PbO + H2O + 2ē D Pb↓ + 2OH¯ | − 0,859 − 0,579 | |
S + 2+ + 2 D 2S SO32- + 6+ + 6 D S + 3H2O | + 0,140 + 0,450 |
23−32 , , . , φ0/ (1) φ0/ (2) .
φ0/ (1), B | φ0/ (2), B | ||
103+ + Br2 + 6H2O D 102+ + 2BrO3¯ + 12H+ | + 1,950 | + 1,522 | |
Zn2+ + H2 + 2OH¯ D Zn + 22 | − 0,760 | − 0,831 | |
PbO2 + 2Cl¯+ 4H+ D Pb2+ + Cl2 + 22 | + 1,360 | +1,461 | |
2NO2¯ + 2I¯ + 4H+ D 2NO + I2 + 2H2O | + 1,002 | + 0,540 | |
2MnO4¯ + 5H2S + 6H+ D 2Mn2+ + 5S + 82 | + 1,518 | + 0,171 | |
Cr2O72¯ + 3SO2 + 2H+ D 2Cr3+ + 3SO42− + H2O | + 1,332 | + 0,170 | |
3Cl2 + I− + 3H2O D 6Cl− + IO3− + 6H+ | + 1,358 | + 1,090 | |
2HNO2 + 2Br− + 2H+ D Br2 + 2NO + 2H2O | + 0,981 | + 1,087 | |
2MnO4− + 5HNO2 + H+ D 2Mn2+ + 5NO3− + 3H2O | + 0,940 | + 1,510 | |
2IO3− + 5MnO2 + 8OH− D 5MnO42− + I2 + 4H2O | + 0,211 | + 0,580 |
33−44 . (. ), .
(−) Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+) | (−) Fe | Fe2+ || Pb2+ | Pb (+) | ||
(−) Pt, H2| H+ || Sn2+, Sn4+| Pt (+) | (−) Pt, H2| H+ || Co2+, Co3+| Pt (+) | ||
(−) Al | Al3+ || Cu2+ | Cu (+) | (−) Cd | Cd2+ || Sn2+ | Sn (+) | ||
(−) Zn | Zn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+) | (−) Mg | Mg2+ || Fe2+ | Fe (+) | ||
(−) Pt, H2| H+ || Fe2+, Fe3+| Pt (+) | (−) Mn | Mn2+ || Ag+ | Ag (+) | ||
(−) Ni | NI2+ || Cu2+ | Cu (+) | (−) Pt, H2| H+ || Cr2+, Cr3+| Pt (+) |
45−54 , 1 2. . Δ rG 0298 .
|
|
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Cu2+ | Cu | Fe2+ | Fe | Ni2+ | Ni | Au3+ | Au | ||
Zn2+ | Zn | Pb2+ | Pb | Mg2+ | Mg | Cu2+ | Cu | ||
Ag+ | Ag | Cd2+ | Cd | Fe2+ | Fe | Zn2+ | Zn | ||
Mn2+ | Mn | Cu2+ | Cu | Sn2+ | Sn | Ag+ | Ag | ||
Co2+ | Co | Sn2+ | Sn | Ni2+ | Ni | Pb2+ | Pb |
55−64 . ( ..) τ I η.
τ, | I, A | η, % | τ, | I, A | η, % | ||||
CuSO4 | 2,1 | AlCl3 | 4,2 | ||||||
NaCl | 0,8 | AgNO3 | 8,5 | ||||||
Pb(NO3)2 | 3,6 | MgBr2 | 1,6 | ||||||
KOH | 1,8 | HgCl2 | 2,5 | ||||||
SnSO4 | 6,3 | K2S | 3,7 |
65−74 . (..) I η?
I, A | V, | η, % | I, A | V, | η, % | ||||
HgCl2 | 2,4 | AgNO3 | 0,8 | ||||||
Cu(NO3)2 | 1,8 | SnCl2 | 3,4 | ||||||
KI | 0,6 | PbF2 | 2,8 | ||||||
SnSO4 | 3,7 | CuSO4 | 1,7 | ||||||
Na2S | 4,0 | NaBr | 4,2 |
75−84 , , m, I, τ η. .
m, | I, A | τ, | η, % | m, | I, A | τ, | η, % | ||
16,1 | 105,0 | ||||||||
7,3 | 61,1 | ||||||||
67,6 | 63,7 | ||||||||
128,2 | 170,5 | ||||||||
89,1 | 78,6 |
.
10011010 . , . .
Ni | NiO | Mg | MgO | ||
Fe | Fe2O3 | ||||
Ag | Ag2O | Al | Al2O3 | ||
Cu | CuO | Sn | SnO | ||
Cr | Cr2O3 | Pb | PbO |
10111022 ΔrG0298 = 298 MZ+.
|
|
MZ+104, / | MZ+104, / | ||||||
Mg | 6,0 | Sn | 7,0 | ||||
Zn | 8,0 | Pb | 6,0 | ||||
Ag | 3,0 | Cu | 3,0 | ||||
Fe | 4,0 | Cd | 5,0 | ||||
Al | 8,0 | Co | 5,0 | ||||
Ni | 6,0 | Mn | 6,0 |
10231034 , , ( 1 2) 298 MZ+. ΔrG0298 .
1 | 2 | MZ+104, / | 1 | 2 | MZ+104, / | ||||
Al | Fe | 8,0 | Ag | Ni | 5,0 | ||||
Zn | Cd | 9,0 | Pb | Al | 7,0 | ||||
Fe | Zn | 6,0 | Fe | Pb | 7,0 | ||||
Sn | Mg | 7,0 | Cd | Mg | 5,0 | ||||
Ni | Ag | 5,0 | Cu | Ag | 4,0 | ||||
Cu | Sn | 4,0 | Sn | Zn | 9,0 |