. :
1. , .. , .
: () . : ; , , ; ; ;
2. -, 1, .
( ) ().
3. , .. -.
. , . -. - ( , , , , ..) , . , . , -.
4. , .. .
| cls |
| input a, b |
| c = a + b |
| print c |
2) (. Pascal) . , [4], , .
:
- :
,,...,X,Y,Z,a,b,c,...,x,y,z.
, Turbo Pascal . .
- 0 9:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
.
- :
+ -*/-><.,;: ()[ ]{ }#$
, , , .
.
Pascal- - .
- , .
Turbo Pascal :
1. () .
, . , . , (.. , ..).
|
|
|
55 .
| absolute | array | and | asm | assembler |
| begin | case | const | constructor | destructor |
| div | downto | else | end | external |
| file | for | forward | function | goto |
| if | implementation | in | inline | interface |
| interrupt | label | mod | nil | not |
| object | of | or | packed | private |
| procedure | program | record | repeat | set |
| shl | shr | string | then | to |
| type | unit | until | uses | var |
| virtual | while | with | xor |
, Turbo Pascal ( assembler, external, forward, interrupt, private, virtual). , . .
2. (). , , , , , .
, 63 .
, Turbo Pascal . , :
index
INDEX
Index
3. . , . .
4. .
5. . :
;: = (.
Pascal- - . .
Turbo Pascal ( ; ), '{' ')' ' (*' '*) :
{ }
(* ,
*)
, Const.
Pascal :
. 2 147 483 648 + 2 147 483 647. , , .
, e, . , 3.14e5 3,14*105. 3.14e-4 3,14*10-4.
|
|
|
, $ . $00000000 $FFFFFFFF.
:
, ( 0 9999).
.. . . . . .. .
LABEL LB1, LB2, R8; LABEL 10, 120, 55;
3) Program...; { }
Uses...; { }
Label...; { }
Const...; { }
Type...; { }
Var...; { }
Procedure...; { }
Function...; { }
Begin { }
...;
{ }
...;
End.
, begin, end . . , program - , . .
4) , . , :
Program PRIM;
:
();
;
;
;
;
.
USES () Turbo Pascal, . . :
uses CRT, Graph;
5)
, . .
, 256 . , , .
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
Shortint -128.. 127 1
Integer -32768.. 32767 2
Longint -2147483648.. 2147483647 4
Byte 0.. 255 1
Word 0.. 65535 2
: , , , ,
. :
+ - * div mod
-
.
.
- . :
17 div 2 = 8, 3 div 5 = 0.
17 mod 2 = 1, 3 mod 5 = 3.
|
|
|
, ,
TRUE FALSE ( ).
: =,
<>, >=, <=, >,
<.
(-
) , :
Abs(X), Sqr(X), Succ(X), Pred(X),
, -
, +1, -1.
-
:
Sin(X), Cos(X), ArcTan(X), Ln(X), Exp(X), Sqrt(X).
, ,
, , -
.
Odd(X) , ,
, :
X=5 Odd(X)=TRUE, X=4 Odd(X)=FALSE.
:
Inc(X) X:=X+1
Inc(X,N) X:=X+N
Dec(X) X:=X-1
Dec(X,N) X:=X-N
,
, .
1. 2. 3.
4. ()
1 2 3 4
---------------------------------------------------------------
Real 2.9e-39.. 1.7e+38 11 6
Single 1.5e-45.. 3.4e+38 7 4
Double 5.0e-324.. 1.7e+308 15 8
Extended 3.4e-4932.. 1.1e+4932 19 10
Comp -9.2e+18.. 9.2e+18 19 8
---------------------------------------------------------------
Real -
.
IEEE 457 -
.
80486 {$ N+},
- {$N-,E+}.
Comp ,
.
-
, :
+, -, *, /.
,
.
, , .
, -
:
Abs(X), Sqr(X), Sin(X), Cos(X), ArcTan(X), Ln(X), Exp(X),
Sqrt(X), Frac(X), Int(X), Pi.
Frac(X) X, Int(X) -
X.
Pi -
.
Trunc(X) Round(X),
. -
,
.
(Boolean) , -
TRUE FALSE.
:
not and or xor.
, FALSE < TRUE. -
.
:
|
|
|
ByteBool, WordBool LongBool, ,
.
(Char) -
, .
- .
:
- , , :
'A' 'a' '' '';
- #K, K - -
, K 0..255;
- ^C, C - -
, C 64
.
.
Ord(C) Chr(K).
-
, ,
- . .
, -
:
Pred(C) Succ(C). Pred('F') = 'E'; Succ('Y') = 'Z'.
-
.
'a'..'z' UpCase(C), -
'A'..'Z'.
(Pointer) , -
.
(4 ), ,
- .
()
, , -
@.
