Подготовка к зачётам и экзаменам

Впроцессе подготовки к зачётам и экзаменам рекомендуется:

а) повторно прочитать и перевести наиболее трудные тексты;

б) просмотреть материал отрецензированных контрольных заданий;

в) проделать выборочно отдельные упражнения для самопроверки;

г) повторить материал для устных упражнений.

Требования на зачёте и экзамене

ЗАЧËТ. К зачёту допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольные задания № 1 и № 2, сдавшие тексты в объёме, предусмотренном программой, т.е. 20 тысяч печатных знаков текстов учебных пособий по английскому языку по специальности (см. Список рекомендуемой литературы, № 2).

Для получения зачёта студент должен уметь:

а) прочитать со словарём незнакомый текст на английском языке, содержащий изученный грамматический материал.

Форма проверки — письменный перевод.

Норма перевода — 600-800 печатных знаков в час письменно.

б) прочитать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 500-600 печатных знаков.

Форма проверки понимания — передача содержания прочитанного па русском языке. Время подготовки — 8-10 минут.

ЭКЗАМЕН. К экзамену по английскому языку допускаются студенты, имеющие зачёт за I курс, выполнившие письменные контрольные задания № 3 и № 4, сдавшие учебный материал по чтению за II курс, т.е. 25 тысяч печатных знаков текстов по специальности (см. Список рекомендуемой литературы, № 2).

На экзамене по английскому языку проверяются умения:

а) читать со словарём текст по специальности.

Форма проверки понимания — письменный перевод.

Норма перевода — 1000 печатных знаков в час письменно.

б) читать без словаря текст, содержащий изученный грамматический материал и 5-8 незнакомых слов на 600-800 печатных знаков.

Форма проверки понимания — передача содержания прочитанного на русском языке. Время подготовки — 8-10 минут.

Примечания

1. В СибГУТИ на заочном отделении изучается тот же иностранный язык, который изучался в среднем учебном заведении.

2. Студенты, не изучавшие английский язык в школе или утратившие навыки чтения и понимания текстов на английском языке, проходят в вузе все разделы программы.

Контрольное задание №1

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие упражнения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного лица глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This scientist works with the modern equipment.

2. Student’s task is to choose the right answer.

3. Plastic materials are used for home construction.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. Automatic power plants are modern installations.

2. The local system failures cannot be avoided.

3. Several St. Petersburg universities use modern ways of education.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The most terrible disaster of nowadays is terrorism.

2. The smaller the particles the more freely do they move.

3. Your earliest ideas about the force were important for our article.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод определённых и отрицательных местоимений.

1. An electric current may be produced in some varieties of ways.

2. Any body when heated to a certain temperature becomes a source of light.

3. No electromagnetic wave can pass through a perfect insulator.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитивы, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When will you install this equipment?

2. They asked me to test the sample.

3. The article deals with the new method of communication.

4. She passed her examinations because she studied very hard.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE RADIO

Radio occupies one of the leading places among the modern means of communication.

The principles of radio had been demonstrated in the early 1800’s by such scientists as Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. They had individually developed the theory that a current flowing in one wire could induce (produce) a current in another wire that was not physically connected to the first.

Hans Christian Oersted had shown in 1820 that a current flowing in a wire sets up a magnetic field around the wire. If the current is made to change and, in particular, made to alternate (flow back and forth), the building up and collapsing of the associated magnetic field induces a current in another conductor placed in this changing magnetic field. This principle of “electromagnetic induction” is well-known in the application of “transformers”, where an iron core is used to link the magnetic field of the first wire or coil with a secondary coil. By this means voltages can be stepped up or down in value. This process is usually carried out at low frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz (hertz, or cycles per second). Radio waves, on the other hand, consist of frequencies between 30 kHz and 300 GHz.

In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell published his first paper that showed by theoretical reasoning that an electrical disturbance that results from a change in an electrical quantity such as voltage or current should propagate (travel) through space at the speed of light. He postulated that light waves were electromagnetic waves consisting of electric and magnetic fields. In fact, scientists now know that visible light is just a small portion of what is called the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes radio waves, X rays, and gamma rays. ~ 1500

Контрольное задание №1

Вариант 2

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного лица глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The teacher asks the student to look at the exercise.

2. Mobile phones have a Bluetooth system.

3. The scientist’s investigations helped him to win the grand.

1. Transmission lines are used as insulators.

2. Resistors consist of silicon sheet-steel or of special cast iron elements.

3. Air pollution is very dangerous for our plant.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The lightest element of the system is hydrogen.

2. The smaller is the temperature coefficient the more perfect is the resistance material.

3. The device works better at lower resistance.

1. Luckily, I noticed something was wrong and switched off the PC.

2. This difficult experiment is possible nowhere but in our laboratory.

3. Any machine wastes energy because of friction.

1. They will begin the tests in the laboratory.

2. Many factors influence the speed of sending messages.

3. It took time to change the samples.

4. I have been translating the text for an hour.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

ABOUT THE FIRST INCANDESCENT LAMP

The first incandescent lamp for practical use was produced in Russia in
1873 by the great Russian scientist Alexander Lodygin. In his lamp he fixed
a small carbon rod of about 2 mm in diameter between two copper conductors. In order to protect the lamp from burning through, the lamp’s air had been evacuated. Vacuum at the time being far from perfect, this first lamp was short-lived. Its life was measured in hours.

In 1890, Lodygin made his first lamps with a metal filament using metals with high melting points, such as tungsten, molybdenum and osmium.

A few years later Thomas Edison, an American inventor, improved lamps with a metal filament. He used the lamp holder, the switch and some other elements of the lighting network.

Today the filament of the incandescent lamp is twisted into a spiral. The melting point of tungsten being 3,300°, it can be heated to 3,000°. At this temperature, however, tungsten begins to evaporate. In order to avoid evaporation of tungsten, today lamps are filled with chemically inert gas, i.e. argon or krypton.

In a gas-filled incandescent lamp the ends of a filament are connected to the two wires passing through the bulb and attached to the metal base. One of the wires is attached to the base and the other — to the base contact insulated from the base.

Industry manufactures incandescent lamps for 220 and 127 V (for lighting networks), 50 V (for railway wagons), 12 and 6 V (for motor cars), 3.5 and 2.5 V (for pocket torches) and so on. ~ 1250

Контрольное задание №1.

Вариант 3.

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного лица глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nowadays all mathematical calculations are performed by the computer.

2. The telephone connects you to a person directly.

3. Mendeleev’s periodic table is the great invention of the times.

1. A glass tube is suitable for this kind of work.

2. Fuses are widely used nowadays as protection devices.

3. Electron devices control production processes.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The greater the elasticity and the less density, the greater is the velocity.

2. The hottest planet in the Solar system is Venus.

3. The weakest useful signal strength lies between two extremes

1. Nobody came to visit me while I was in hospital.

2. A sound card lets you listen to music and record any sounds to your computer.

3. Some electrons may readily be added to an atom.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Our professor’s conclusion is the same.

2. We used different system models.

3. We shall solve some complicated problems.

4. The scientists of our laboratory had been carrying out the experiments with a new type of insulating material for several years before they got the positive results.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

THE INVENTOR OF THE TELEPHONE

This is an article about Alexander Graham Bell, about his life and activity.
Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an inventor; he wanted to be a musician or a teacher of deaf people. The subjects he studied at school included music, art, literature, Latin, and Greek.

Alexander’s father was a well-known teacher who developed a system called “Visible Speech”. The system was used to teach deaf people to speak.

When Alexander was only sixteen (in 1863) he became a teacher in a boys’ school in Scotland. Though he liked teaching there, he still wanted to teach deaf people. He read all the books he could find about sound, and started to work on his own experiments. While experimenting, Bell became interested in the telegraph. His wish was to find a way to send musical sounds through electric wires. When Alexander was twenty-five, he was able to open his School for the Deaf in Boston. At that period he started working on finding a way to send the human voice through an electric wire. The parents of some of the children whom he taught contributed money for equipment since the government offered no assistance of any kind to the future inventor.

At this period he found an assistant, Tom Watson, who knew a lot about building electric machines. After two years of hard work the “talking machine” started working! Bell’s wish was realized, to his great delight. The two men continued to work together for perfecting the machine. The work was successful; the first permanent telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. And in 1878, the first telephone exchange was established in New Jersey. By 1915, a coast-to-coast telephone line was opened in the United States — 5,440 kilometers from New York to San Francisco.

Alexander Graham Bell was invited to open the new line. He did it together with his friend, Tom Watson. ~ 1500

Контрольное задание №1.

Вариант 4.

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного лица глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Gamma rays have no electric charge.

2. The worker installs a new electronic device in our laboratory.

3. Article’s translation is made from Russian into English.

1. Text blocks are mounted on the front panel.

2. The current difference is lowered to medium 6.600V at the end of the line.

3. Voltage conversion is widely used in industry.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The space between two wires is less than before.

2. He was the most famous scientist of XIX century.

3. The greater the number of turns of a coil, the higher is its inductance.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод определенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. If anyone has any questions, I’ll be pleased to answer them.

2. The examination was too difficult for our group, so nobody passed.

3. There is something technically wrong with that device.

1. A teleprinter can send a typewriter message over a telegraph circuit.

2. They solved the parameter identification problem.

3. We shall use cold light source lamps.

4. They have been working on the problem for several months.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

MARCONI, GUGLIELMO

G. Marconi was born in 1874. His father was Italian and his mother Irish. Together with A. Popov he is known as the father of wireless telegraph system. When a young man, he developed a deep interest in electrical phenomena. He graduated from the technical school in Italy, where studying physics, he had opportunities for experimenting with electromagnetic waves.

Marconi was among those who became interested in the works of Hem- rich Hertz on electromagnetic waves. His idea was that such waves could be used for transmitting information without the need for the wire connection, and he started his wireless telegraphy project by repeating some of the Hertz’s experiments with a number of improvements.

His work being completed, Marconi offered his wireless communication system to the Italian government, but it was rejected. In 1896, he went to London where he first patented his system. In 1897, he formed his wireless telegraph company. His four-circuit tuning, patented in 1900, led to widespread use of his system. While making experiments, Marconi gave a series of demonstrations, in some of which he used balloons and kites to obtain greater height for the aerials he used.

As an Italian national, Marconi played an active role in World War I and represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He continued his experiments in the field of radio but his later efforts were mainly directed to affairs of state. He received many honors and shared the Nobel Prize for physics in 1909.
Marconi died in Rome in July, 1937. ~ 1300

Контрольное задание №1.

Вариант 5.

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного лица глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The teacher gave us the examination’s material.

2. The great number of molecules escapes from the heated liquid.

3. The Sun consists mainly of hydrogen gas.

1. In a full wave rectifier two diodes are used.

2. The armature coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet.

3. Submarine telephone cable systems are free from fading and interference.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The simplest way to measure short time intervals is to use a cathode-ray indicator tube.

2. The most useful property of the diode is to pass current in one direction.

3. It is better to read books than watch TV.

1. The word “force” is a general term for any push or pull.

2. Every electrical circuit radiates some amount of electrical energy.

3. This modern device makes no errors in calculations.

1. The number of samples is small.

2. The problem remained difficult.

3. We shall focus on a new search method.

4. They have developed the new waterproof cable which will help to solve all the problems relating to telephone service failures since water cannot enter the space between insulated conductors.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

BABBAGE, CHARLES (1792—1871)

Although he was a 19th-century mathematician, Charles Babbage is credited with inventing the modern computer. He also designed a type of speedometer and the cowcatcher (a sloping frame on the front of a locomotive that tosses obstacles off the railroad tracks).

Charles Babbage was born on Dec. 26, 1792, in Teignmouth, Devon, England. At the age of 19 he helped found the Analytical Society, whose purpose introduces developments from Europe into English mathematics. At about the same time Babbage first got his idea for mechanically calculating mathematical tables. Later he made a small calculator that could perform certain mathematical computations to eight decimal places. In 1816 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, the oldest scientific society in Great Britain. Then, in 1823, he received government support for the design of a projected calculator with a 20-decimal capacity. While he was developing this machine he also served (1828—39) as a professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge.

In the mid-1830’s Babbage invented the principle of the analytical engine, the forerunner of the modem electronic computer. The government refused Babbage further support, however, and the device was never completed. A calculator based on his ideas was made in 1855 by a Swedish firm, but the computer was not developed until the electronic age.

Babbage published papers on mathematics, statistics, physics, and geology. He also assisted in establishing England’s modem postal system. Babbage died in London on Oct. 18, 1871. ~ 1300

Контрольное задание №2

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующее предложение: подчеркните временную форму и залог. Переведите предложение на русский язык. Обратить внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) 1) The current is flowing along the wire.

2) A group of researchers has developed new equipment for TV communication.

б) 1) The circuit was closed.

2) The transmitter is located in a special cylinder.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните причастие I и причастие II, установите функции каждого из них. Переведите предложения.

1) The scientist will discuss the characteristic of the equipment tested.

2) 2) Integrated circuits are widely used nowadays.

3) 3) The experiments forming research made the discovery.

4) 4) The substance being investigated is first weighted.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в них сказуемое и укажите его время и залог. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In March 1938the first television station came into being in Moscow, but the war soon stopped the development of television.

2. Yablochkov and Lodygin were the pioneers of Russian electrical engineering.

3. Engineers are mastering foreign languages to get new technical information from foreign books and magazines

4. This machine had been developed by the end of the year.

5. This plant will have been built by the end of this month.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

1. Melting copper, iron and cast iron requires a very high temperature.

2. The energy of a body is its capacity for doing work.

3. He is interested in collecting rare minerals.

4. This article is worth reading.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и письменно переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение слов “one”, “it”, “that”.

1. The methods we have just described are not the only ones available.

2. That was one of the most interesting books on that subject.

3. It was at the University that I mastered English.

4. The property of conductors is different from that of insulators.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

RADIO

Radio is a form of communication in which intelligence is transmitted without wires from one point to another by means of electromagnetic waves. Early forms of communication over great distances were the telephone and the telegraph. They required wires between the sender and receiver. Radio, on the other hand, requires no such physical connection. It relies on the radiation of energy from a transmitting antenna in the form of radio waves. These radio waves, traveling at the speed of light (300,000 km/s; 186,000 mi/s), carry the information. When the waves arrive at a receiving antenna, a small electrical voltage is produced. After this voltage has been suitably amplified, the original information contained in the radio waves is retrieved and presented in an understandable form. This form may be sound from a loud-speaker, a picture on a television, or a printed page from a teletype machine.

RADIOTELEPHONE.

In addition to the wireline telephones, there exist a number of wireless instruments that are connected to the public switched telephone network. At the present time, these wireless telephones generally fall into one of three categories: cordless telephones, cellular radio systems, or personal communication systems. These systems are also being expanded to include global satellite-based telephony.

CELLULAR TELEPHONES

Cellular telephones are transportable by vehicle or personally portable devices that may be used in motor vehicles or by pedestrians. Communicating by radiowave in the 800—900-megahertz band, they permit a significant degree of mobility within a defined serving region that may be hundreds of square kilometers in area. ~ 1400

Контрольное задание №2

Вариант 2

a) 1) The material is a good insulator and so the current is not leaking away from the wire.

2) The scientist has already completed his research.

б) 1) He was given some details to complete the circuit.

2) The basic radar information is displayed in the normal way on a cathode-ray tube.

1) While making experiment the student put down all the necessary data.

2) Some of measures taken illustrate this need.

3) When combining chemically hydrogen and oxygen form water.

4) 4) The equipment needed for the experiment was carefully checked.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в них сказуемое и укажите его время и залог. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The first atomic power station was built in our country in June 1954

2. Russian engineers have developed new mining machines.

3. The chemical industry is making much use of isotope instruments

4. The demand for uranium will grow from year to year

5. In recent years there has been active study of new methods of producing uranium.

1. At the continued heating of a solid body the movement of its molecules becomes still faster.

2. The lecturer insisted on our making some more experiments.

3. Measuring and controlling are important parts of industrial engineering.

4. Industrial engineering is broadening to assist management in optimizing the gains and minimizing the risks of an enterprise.

1. The amount of electricity of any proton is exactly the same as that of an electron.

2. It was A.S. Popov who invented the radio in 1895.

3. Everyone knows that Tsiolkovsky was one of the greatest scientists of his time.

4. It is known that physical, economic and business systems have technical and human aspects.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

NEGATIVE TRANSCONDUCTANCE OSCILLATOR

A negative transconductance oscillator consists of a pentode with the screen and suppressor grids coupled together. The screen is more positive than the plate. The cathode supplies electrons to both the screen and the plate. If the screen voltage rises, this increase is transferred over to the suppressor. It becomes more positive than before. A large quantity of electrons passes to the plate and a small quantity of electrons passes to the screen. Thus, the screen current is reduced. A negative resistance characteristic is produced in the screen circuit at the terminals.

A tuned circuit is connected to the terminals and in this way oscillations are produced.

TRANSMISSION LINES AND THEIR EFFICIENCY

Wires are used to deliver electric power and to interconnect different components of electrical installations. Conductors used for electric wiring are commonly produced of copper and aluminum. Aluminum is widely used nowadays due to its low cost. Copper is also widely used in electrical engineering but its cost is much higher.

Cross-sections of copper conductors used nowadays are from 0,5up to 800 sq mm. Aluminum conductors have the same cross-sections but the minimum one is 2—5sq mm.

Wires connecting the components of various installations may be insulated. They may also be used without insulation. Since in short lengths of wire power loss is exceedingly low one can ignore it. In long wires (longer than 10 m), power loss cannot be ignored since it is rather high. Power loss in a line should not exceed a certain value. If this value is exceeded, the line becomes inefficient. ~ 1340

Контрольное задание №2

Вариант 3

a) 1) The buzzer is making a noise.

2) We have finished our experiment.

б) 1) She was told of a new insulator.

2) The underwater cable is affected by sea water so it is well insulated.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения: подчеркните причастие I и причастие II, установите функции каждого. из них. Переведите предложения.

1. They have considerably developed the engine.

2. The device produced in the laboratory was portable.

3. When heated to a certain temperature this alloy increases in volume.

4. Because of the gradual change when heated, glass has no definite melting temperature.

1. A new mining method has been developed at this time.

2. The application of atomic power is becoming much broader.

3. The first atomic power plant was put into operation in Obninsk near Moscow in 1954.

4. At present geologists use nuclear instruments as routine equipment.

5. Our research institutes developed new types of day-light lamps for miners

1. We insisted on his taking it into consideration.

2. A comparatively simple act of driving a car requires a vast number of scientific principles.

3. Many solids can be changed to gases by heating.

4. Measuring resistance is necessary for many experiments.

1. It was Yuri Gagarin’s flight in 1961 that began the era of manned space flights on orbital space stations.

2. It is known that industrial engineering has reduced labour costs.

3. One must help one’s friends.

4. Her knowledge of computers is wider than that of his.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

POWER SUPPLY

A radio has no moving parts except the speaker cone, which vibrates within a range of a few thousandths of a cm, and so the only power required to operate the radio is electrical power to force electrons through the various circuits. When radios first came into general use in the 1920’s, most were operated by batteries. Although batteries are used widely in portable sets today, a power supply from a power line has advantages, because it permits the designer more freedom in selecting circuit components. If the alternating-current (AC) power supply is 120 V, this current can be led directly to the primary coil of a transformer, and power with the desired voltage can be drawn off as desired from the secondary coils. This secondary current must be rectified and filtered before it can be used because transistors require direct current (DC) for proper operation. Electron tubes require DC for plate current; filaments may be heated either by DC or AC, but in the latter case hum may be created. Transistorized radios do not require as high an operating DC voltage as did tube radios of the past, but power supplies are still needed to convert the AC voltage distributed by utility companies to DC, and to step up or step down the voltage to the required value, using transformers. Airplane and automobile radio sets that operate on 12 to 24 volts DC often contain circuits that convert the available DC voltage to AC, after which the voltage is stepped up or down to the required voltage level and again converted to DC by a rectifier. Airplane and automobile radio sets that operate on 6 to 24 volts DC always contain some such device for raising the voltage. The advent of transistors, integrated circuits, and other solid-state electronic devices, which are much smaller in size and require very little power, has today greatly reduced the use of vacuum tubes in radio, television, and other types of communications equipment and devices.

~ 1500

Контрольное задание №2

Вариант 4

a) 1) They are analyzing the results of their research from 5 till 6 o’clock.

2) We have finished our experiment this week.

б) 1) Telegraph cables must be isolated.

2) This photoelectrons are accelerated within the tube.

1) When reading the article he made some notes.

2) Constructed in our laboratory device was examined by some engineers.

3) A triode is a vacuum tube containing there electrodes.

4) Considered from this point of view the question will be of great interest.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в них сказуемое и укажите его время и залог. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The atom is the smallest piece of the substance which can exist independently.

2. Kurchatov has played a leading part in the development of atomic energy in our country.

3. The power from atomic reactions has been applied to all fields of man’s activity.

4. Glass was invented 2.000 years ago.

5. These methods of industrial management are being used on an increasing scale.

1. My friend insisted on my mastering industrial engineering.

2. Linear and dynamic programming is widely used now.

3. Ancient people lived for ages without knowing anything about electricity.

4. The operation of mixing is widely used in chemical industry.

1. It was Newton who discovered the law of gravitation and the theory of differential and integral calculus.

2. It is well known that Newton was the head of the London Mint for many years and it was at that time that English coins contained more gold than ever.

3. One must do all the necessary measurements.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

ELECTRIC POWER

Electric power is generated by converting heat, light, chemical energy, or mechanical energy into electrical energy. Most electrical energy is produced in large power stations by the conversion of mechanical energy or heat. The mechanical energy of falling water is used to drive turbine generators in hydroelectric stations, and the heat derived by burning coal, oil, or other fossil fuels is used to operate steam turbines or internal-combustion engines that drive electric generators. Also, the heat from the fissioning of uranium or plutonium is used to generate steam for the turbine generator in a nuclear power plant.

Electricity generated by the conversion of light or chemical energy is used mainly for portable power sources. For example, a photoelectric cell converts the energy from light to electrical energy for operating the exposure meter in a camera, and a lead-acid battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy for starting an automobile engine.

Electric power produce in large power stations generally is transmitted by using an alternating current that reverses direction 25, 50,or 60 times per second. The basic unit for measuring electric power is the watt — the rate at which work is being done in an electric circuit in which the current is one ampere and the electromotive force is one volt. Ratings for power plants are expressed in kilowatts (1,000 watts) or megawatts (one million watts). Electric energy consumption normally is given in kilowatt-hours — that is, the number of kilowatts used times the number of hours of use. Electricity is clean, inexpensive, and easily transmitted over long distances. Since the 1880’s, electricity has had an ever-increasing role in improving the standard

~ 1500

Контрольное задание №2

Вариант 5

a) 1) One student was carrying out the experiment while the other was putting down details.

2) We have just finished our experiment.

б) 1) Electricity can be used for many purposes.

2) Each question is accompanied by a selection of answers and the student selects what he needs.

1. The applied device was very efficient.

2. The engine tested required further improvement.

3. When handing freely the needle will point north and south in the magnetic meridian.

4. The device referred to is a gyroscope.

III. Перепишите предложения, определите в них сказуемое и укажите его время и залог. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык

1. An atom consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.

2. Intensive research and experimental work has been carried on in the designing and production of industrial models of electrical coal-mining machinery.

3. Years of research went into developing the prototype of today’s

4. Alternating current transformers are widely used in electrical engineering.

5. Oil industry workers overfulfilled their plan

1. We insisted on their employing modern computers.

2. To gain maximum benefits modern industrial engineering must be capable of assisting in and performing many services.

3. This method of mixing has been used since the days of World War II.

4. Studying foreign languages is desirable for an educated man.

1. The characteristic property of gas is that of diffusion.

2. It is desirable that you should be present at the meeting.

3. It was periodic table of elements that D. Mendeleyev discovered in 1869.

4. One should help one’s parents.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMERS AND POWER SYSTEM

An electric power consumer is an enterprise utilizing electric power. Its operating characteristics vary during the hours of day, days and nights, days of week and seasons.

All electric power consumers are divided into groups with common load characteristics. To the first group belong municipal consumers with a predominant lighting load: dwelling houses, hospitals, theatres, street lighting systems, mines, etc.

To the second group belong industrial consumers with a predominant power load (electric motors): industrial plants, mines, etc.

To the third group belongs transport, for example, electrified railways. The fourth consists of agricultural consumers, for example, electrotractors.

The operating load conditions of each group are determined by the load graph. The load graph shows the consumption of power during different periods of day, month, and year. On the load graph the time of the maximum loads and minimum loads is given.

Large industrial areas with cities are supplied from electric networks fed by electric power plants. These plants are interconnected for operation in parallel and located in different parts of the given area. They may include some large thermal and hydroelectric power plants.

The sum total of the electric power plants, the networks that interconnect them and the power utilizing devices of the consumers, is called a power system. All the components of a power system are interrelated by the common processes of protection, distribution, and consumption of both electric and heat power.

In a power system, all the parallel operating plants take part in carrying the total load of all the consumers supplied by the given system.

The building up of a power system is of great importance for the national economy. An economical utilization of the power plant installations and of the sources of power is achieved by interconnected operation of a series of power plants in a common power distribution system. ~ 1600

Контрольное задание № 3

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты переводятся придаточными предложениями.

1. The input and output units are known to be necessary components of a computers.

2. The semiconductor diode allows current to flow through it freely in one direction.

3. We know the velocity of a particle to be continuously changing if this particle has a non-uniform motion.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский зык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.

1. Other factors being constant, the current is known to be directly proportional to conductivity.

2. The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location.

3. Optic quantum generators having been developed, our scientists could use them in many fields of industry and technology.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод придаточных условных предложений.

1. If they receive all the necessary equipment, they will be able to carry out the experiments.

2. If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another.

3. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed, they become liquids.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните инфинитивы и причастия и определите их функции.

1. The radar detects the stationary objects ahead of the car to warn the driver about them and slow down the speed.

2. The problem to be of special interest is concerned with the ionization of gases.

3. The substance was more valuable than that obtained by the previous authors.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на сложный герундиальный оборот.

1. His being able to become a good scientist was taken for granted.

2. The possibility of chemical energy being transformed into electrical one is evident.

3. We read much about the new discoveries having been made in the field of electronics.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The modern computer is based on the ideas and inventions of many scientists and engineers of the past. Actually, the computer has had three birth dates. One as a mechanical computing device (about 550 B.C.), another as a concept (1883), and the third as a modern electronic digital computer (1946).

The first mechanical calculator, called the abacus, was invented in Babylonia around 500 B.C. The abacus provided the fastest method of calculating and was used until 1642, when the French scientist Blaise Pascal invented a calculator made of wheels and cogs.

It was in 1833 that the concept of the modern computer appeared in Britain. The British mathematician Charles Babbage designed an “analytical engine” that contained all the necessary elements of a modern computer: input devices, memory a computing unit, a control unit, and output devices. The steam-driven “analytical engine” was as large as a locomotive.

hi the late 1920’s and 1930’s, several new types of calculators were constructed and put into operation. But it was only in 1939 that the real prototype of a computer based on a binary numbering system was produced.

It was reasoned that binary numbers were better suited to computing than were decimal numbers, because the two digits — 1 and 0 — could easily be represented by electrical circuits, which were either on or off.

And the modem electronic digital computer appeared in 1946.

The development and use of computers in the modern world has led to a revolution in the way people all over the world communicate with each other and transfer information. ~ 1300

Контрольное задание № 3

Вариант 2

1. Communication is supposed to have no limits nowadays.

2. Scientist knows them to be working on the problem of protecting the cosmonauts from the effect of radiation.

3. An ordinary light was proved to consist of waves all out of phase with each other.

1. The power consumption in the balance coils is small, their inductance being large as compared to their resistance.

2. The device being faulty, one cannot rely on its readings.

3. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.

1. Device will start working, if you press the button.

2. If two conductors are placed in contact, or joined by a conductor of much lower resistance than the rest of the circuit, most of the current will flow direct between these conductors, which are then said to be short-circuited or “shorted”.

3. If these potentials were in phase, the plate current would be a maximum.

1. To transmit the image by radio has become a practical possibility not so long ago.

2. The properties of the substances involved are yet not clearly understood.

3. It is quite necessary for the designer to understand the operation of the central processing unit.

1. We know of metals being good conductors of electricity.

2. Lebedev’s having invented the method of artificial rubber production helped our country to become independent of imported rubber.

3. The flow of current through the circuit inductance results in energy being stored in the inductance.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

The 1st-generation computer systems (beginning approximately in 1950) employed vacuum tubes as the primary switching component in the processor. Memories were constructed of liquid mercury delay lines or magnetic drums.

The 2nd-generation systems began around the late 1950’s and used transistors in place of vacuum tubes and memories were made of magnetically cores (M-220, IBM-i401 are examples). Size was reduced and reliability was improved significantly in the 2nd-generation systems. The 2nd generation was primarily a batch processing environment with a single program running at one time.

The 3rd-generation computers, beginning in the mid-1960’s, introduced processors made of integrated circuits (SM-3, IBM-360 and 370 are examples). The 3rd generation also introduced system software technologies like Operating Systems and Data Base Management Systems. On-line systems were widely developed throughout the 3rd generation, although most processing was still batch oriented.

The 4th generation is more evolutionary than revolutionary. Starting in the mid-1970’s, the 4th-generation computer logic and memory were built almost entirely of chips which contain extremely large numbers of electronic components. The 4th generation embraces extensive integration of small and large computers together in a distributed processing environment.

The 5th generation had become formalized by 1990’s. Optical fibers, video-discs and other technologies were used to construct the 5th-generation computer systems. Artificial intelligence techniques were incorporated into every type of application. Modern machines are able to come into contact with a person rather intelligently. ~ 1500

Контрольное задание № 3

Вариант 3

1. The human voice is believed to generate a power of several thousand millions of watt.

2. They reported the capacity of the new engine to have been increased.

3. Scientists know gravity to act on every particle of a body so that its weight is actually distributed throughout the body.

1. The circuit having been broken up, the flow of the current stopped.

2. The anode being maintained at a positive potential with respect to the cathode, the electrons are attracted to it.

3. With the experiments having been carried out, new investigations had to be started.

1. If scientists change some details, they will be able to improve the design.

2. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so high, a hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures.

3. If the satellite speed is less than necessary, it will go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere.

1. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams.

2. While passing through the conductor, resistance results in the production of heat.

3. The problems being discussed include connecting to the Internet.

1. The engineer insisted on his making a series of experiments.

2. This device cannot be relied upon due to its being influenced by the changes in temperature.

3. This dynamometer is compact, light, and highly efficient because of the armature reaction being small.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

ELECTRONIC COMPUTING MACHINES

Before describing electronic machines it is useful to consider computing machines in general. There are two main classes of computing equipment known respectively as analogue and digital machines. In analogue machines numbers are represented by physical quantities such as the angular rotation of a shaft of the current in a resistor, the numbers being the measures of those physical quantities. Examples of analogue machines are the plan ammeter, the differential analyses, resistance network, etc.

Because they are dependent on the accuracy of physical measurements, analogue machines are strictly limited in regard to the precision of which they are capable. Even with a well designed planimeter, for example, it is difficult to calculate areas to more than four significant figures. For most physical problems this does not constitute a severe restriction and a far more serious limitation of analogue machines is that they are, in general, special purpose devices.

It is known that digital machines, on the other hand, work directly with numbers in digital form and are capable of performing exactly the fundamental operations of arithmetic, addition and subtraction, and usually also multiplication and division.

THE CENTRE OF DIGITAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS

The central processing unit (CPU) or central processor is the centre of any digital computer system since it coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units and performs all the arithmetic and logic processes to be applied to data. All program instructions to be examined should be held within the CPU, and all the data to be processed should be loaded first into this unit. The general processor is known to have three separate hardware sections: an internal or main memory, the arithmetic and logic unit, and a control unit. ~ 1500

Контрольное задание № 3

Вариант 4

1. All the waves in a laser beam were proved to have the same wavelength.

2. Modern discoveries allow science and engineering to be developed rapidly.

3. Objects are said to be warm, hot, cool, or cold compared with the temperature of the human body.

1. The current having been determined, and the normal load known, the necessary data could be completed.

2. The automatic computers of the 1940’s being not very reliable, scientists and technologists continued developing them.

3. Different types of contact materials for current collectors having been discussed, engineers chose steel and copper as being the best.

1. If supercomputers had not been used for thermodynamic calculations, the designers have spent all their lives on computations.

2. Superconductivity can be obtained in some materials if the temperature is very low and close to absolute zero.

3. If metal plates are connected by a wire, a current will flow in it for the some time.

1. When being rubbed, some substances produce electrical charges.

2. To be a complete computer, the microprocessor requires a power supply and memory.

3. The measures discussed are to be used for determining the faults in the conducting wire.

1. We know of the Earth behaving as a large magnet.

2. The necessity of full voltage being applied to the bell to ensure an efficient signal being sounded at the receiving station is obvious.

3. The possibility of there being life on Mars is very doubtful.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст со словарём на русский язык.

PHASER

The first letters in the word phaser indicate that the princ