1: .
,π , - - :
, OH, , .
:
, ;
, ;
- , , ;
- α .
2: .
. , Ζ, . (-):
. , . . , , . . , -, . - π- , :
3: .
:
. , , . , .. . , :
2l COOH > CH3 COOH > CH3 CH2 COOH
, , .
|
|
Ka ( 25) | ||
HCOOH | 1,77.10-4 | |
CH3COOH | 1,7.10-5 | |
CH3CH2COOH | 1,64.10-5 | |
CH3(CH2)2COOH | 1,54.10-5 | |
CH3(CH2)3COOH | 1,52.10-5 | |
CH3(CH2)4COOH | 1,43.10-5 | |
CH3(CH2)6COOH | 1,28.10-5 | |
CH3(CH2)8COOH | 1,43.10-5 | |
C6H5COOH | 1,43.10-5 | |
іCOOH | K1=5,9.10-2 K2=6,4.10-5 | |
CH3(CH2)14COOH | 3,46.10-7 |
4: , .
: -, -, - . .
( ), ( ).
: nH2n+1COOH ( nH2nO2).
- :
o ()
:
o (, ..).
- :
o (, CH3CH2CH2COOH);
o (CH2=CHCH2COOH);
o (RC6H4COOH).
. , , - , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , . . .
1
() | |||
HCOOH | |||
CH3COOH | |||
CH3CH2COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)2COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)3COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)4COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)6COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)8COOH | |||
CH2=CH-COOH | |||
C6H5COOH | |||
-COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)14COOH | |||
CH3(CH2)16COOH |
, :
:
1. . (37), : (2-) .
|
|
2. . :
3. , -, - , :
4. . . , (322) (323) (323).
5: . .
. , . , , , .
2H3COOH + Mg → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
2H3COOH + aO → (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O
H-COOH + NaOH → H-COONa + H2O
2H3CH2COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3CH2COONa + H2O + CO2
H3CH2COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3CH2COONa + H2O + CO2
(HCl, H2SO4 ..) .
.
. , , .. , . , , sp2- . . , RCO-. Ζ, 3Ζ , 65Ζ .
1. . (III) (V), l3, SOCl2, :
- . , , (V), :
:
. , (RNH2) (R2NH), , :
:
( ) ():
. C ( ). .
: , ( .). , .. . (I) , , , . (II) , . (III) :
. . (.. - RCOO ).
|
|
.
, . . , (). 25 325 ( ). , .
4
, ( )
349 | ||
373 | ||
3725 | ||
4925 | ||
49511 | ||
3265 | ||
65265 |
-
, , - . :
| |
CH3 - CH2-COOH +Br2 +hυ + PCl3→ CH3 | -CH-COOH + HBr I Br |
, . , 10 . . , .
(, , .) , . :
6: , ,
.
, , , .
( , ).
, . . - . , - - :
, .
. . . :
|
|
, , , . 1828. :
NH4OCN→NH2 CO NH2
, . (IV) (150) :
CO2 + 2NH3 → NH2CONH2∙H2O
(46,6% ), . , . (, .)
. α . :
, , RC ≡ N, . , ,
:
( N) ( ). (, CuCl, NiCl2, SbCl5, .) N; , "" (side-on) - . , ї α- , C≡N.
, ( I) (II):
1. .
:
2. :
( ) 22 ( ):
3. , - ( ).
, ( , .) , ( ):
R-CN + R1R2C=CHR3 + H2O RCONHR1R2CCH2R3
, :
RFCN .
4. .
, :
7: - .
:
, .
- (Ka1):
OOC → OOC− + +
, : -, - ( ), -, - ( );
- (Ka2):
OOC− → −OC− + +
, ( ). , , , H+ −2, −1;
- : , ;
- .
, :
|
|
- ;
- ;
- .
. .
α . α .
, :
8: -
, , , ; .
( , , , ; , ). , , , , , . . . , , .
, .
( ). C17H35COOH C15H31COOH - , .
C17H33COOH .
( C15H31COOH , C17H35COOH ; : C17H33COOH ; C17H31COOH ; C17H29COOH ).
, -C(O)R.
(, , ..), , ( ). .
(, , .) ( ). .
, , 100 . . , ( ) .
(). , .
( , ). , (, , .), , (, , .).
, . . .
, . , , .
, , . : R, , COO, , . , , --, , . , :
2RCOO + Ca2+→ (RCOO)2Ca↓
, Ca .
, , .
9
. :
:
, .
2. . , , , :
3. . , , ( ), :
4. . , . ( ):
() . :
, , .
5. :
:
200,C H2SO4
NaOH + CO → HCOONa → HCOOH
:
2C4H10+ 5O2→ 4 CH3COOH + 2H2O
6. 2
H2O
R MgBr + CO2→R COO MgBr → R COOH + Mg(OH)Br
(II)
CH3OH + CO →CH3COOH
8. :
5 + 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4→ 5 + K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 14H2O
9. ( , , , ).
(RCO)2O + H2O→ 2 R-COOH
R COOR + KOH → R COOK + ROH
R COOK + HCl → R COOH + KCl
3. 40
:
: .
.
- .
- . .
- , .
.